Applications of Marine-Derived Microorganisms and Their Enzymes in Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, the Underexplored Potentials

Abstract

Biodiversity has been explored in the search for novel enzymes, including forests, savannas, tundras, deserts, and finally the sea. Marine microorganisms and their enzymes are capable of being active in high-salt concentration, large range of temperature, and high incidence of light and pressure, constituting an important source of unique biocatalysts. This review presents studies employing whole-cell processes of marine bacteria and fungi, aiming for new catalysts for different reactions in organic synthesis, such as reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, elimination, and conjugation. Genomics and protein engineering studies were also approached, and reactions employing isolated enzymes from different classes (oxidoreductases, hydrolases, lyases, and ligases) were described and summarized. Future biotechnological studies and process development should focus on molecular biology for the obtention of enzymes with interesting, fascinating and enhanced properties, starting from the exploration of microorganisms from the marine environment. This review approaches the literature about the use of marine-derived bacteria, fungi, and their enzymes for biocatalytic reactions of organic compounds, promoting a discussion about the possibilities of these microorganisms in the synthesis of different substances.

Engineering marine fungi for conversion of d-galacturonic acid to mucic acid

“…Marine-derived fungi are considered an under-utilized resource, with particularly high potential for supply of bioactive compounds [ 1 – 3 ], but also supplying novel enzymes [ 4 ] or functioning as whole biocatalysts [ 5 ]. Their ability to tolerate high salt concentrations may also be beneficial in production of other metabolites, such as platform chemicals which are needed in high concentrations, although genetic modification of marine fungi has focused on enhancing secondary metabolite production [ 6 ].…”

Degradation of Acephate and Its Intermediate Methamidophos: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways

“…Microbial degradation is a potential way to decontaminate pesticide-contaminated sites (Chen et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2018;Zhan et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2019;Bhatt et al, 2020a). Biodegradation microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeasts, and algae can be obtained by enrichment culture and recombination technology (Pinjari et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014;Birolli et al, 2019;Bhatt et al, 2020b). At present, many researchers are looking for effective acephate or methamidophos degrading microorganisms through enrichment culture, including sewage treatment systems, organophosphorus contaminated areas, industries, and agricultural fields (Chen et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2012;Li et al, 2014;Mohan and Naveena, 2015;Lin et al, 2016).…”

Emerging Technologies for Degradation of Dichlorvos: A Review

“…It has been reported that the organic pollutants can be used by edaphon including soil bacteria and soil fungi as a sole carbon source [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. These studies showed that microbial degradation seems to be a more environmentally friendly and convenient treatment method to reduce hazardous effects of toxic pollutants or contaminants [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In addition, there are a few studies on degrading enzymes with correlative genes in microbes.…”