Applications of carbon materials in photovoltaic solar cells

Zhu, Hongwei; Wei, Jin; Wang, Kunlin; Wu, Dehai

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2009.04.006

Cited by 330 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…This is a direct consequence of the large E i and small electron impact ionization cross-section of carbon; it also implies that a significant part of the electrons 3 do not possess sufficient energy to ionize the sputtered carbon. Ionization degrees that approach 100% are essential for the synthesis of technologically relevant forms of carbon, e.g., tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) [9][10][11][12]. Currently, this can be achieved by plasma based PVD techniques that provide much higher electron densities (in the order of 10 21 m -3 ), e.g., filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A strategy for increased carbon ionization in magnetron sputtering discharges

Aijaz

Sarakinos

Lundin

et al. 2012

Diamond and Related Materials

105

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A strategy that facilitates a substantial increase of carbon ionization in magnetron sputtering discharges is presented in this work. The strategy is based on increasing the electron temperature in a high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge by using Ne as the sputtering gas. This allows for the generation of an energetic C + ion population and a substantial increase in the C + ion flux as compared to a conventional Ar-HiPIMS process. A direct consequence of the ionization enhancement is demonstrated by an increase in the mass density of the grown films up to 2.8 g/cm 3 ; the density values achieved are substantially higher than those obtained from conventional magnetron sputtering methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A strategy for increased carbon ionization in magnetron sputtering discharges

Aijaz

Sarakinos

Lundin

et al. 2012

Diamond and Related Materials

105

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“…Fullerenes are considered as the most appropriate electron acceptor due to the ultrafast photo induced charge transfer between electron donors and acceptors, high mobility and better phase segregation to create three dimensional (3D) networks for the transportation of electrons to the electrode [46]. However, fullerene acceptors suffer from synthetic inflexibility, poor absorption in the solar spectrum range, and an inherent tendency to undergo post-fabrication crystallization, resulting in device instability.…”

Section: Common Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Quantum Dots/CNT Co-Sensitized Organic Solar Cells

Soltani¹,

Katbab²,

Ameri³

2017

J Material Sci Eng

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Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are emerging alternative candidates to the standard silicone technology for green and renewable energy generation owing to their flexibility and solution processability. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) based on conjugated semiconducting polymers as donor (D) and fullerene derivatives as acceptor (A) offer large D/A interfacial area, which overcomes the short exciton diffusion length. Although, recent advances in narrow band gap semiconducting polymers have led to the improvement in power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) beyond 10%, inefficient charge separation and low carrier mobility as well as negligible photon harvesting in near-infrared (NIR) and/or infrared (IR) region of the solar spectrum have still remained as bottle neck for ultimate performance of OPVs. Most PSCs only absorb the UV-visible part of the solar spectrum, leading to the low light harvesting efficiency. Hence, solution processed photoactive materials comprising nanostructured semiconducting inorganic quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizer have attracted great attention to improve energy conversion efficiency of the OPVs. This is attributed to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of QDs such as band gap tunability, potential NIR photons harvesting and multi exciton generation (MEG). However, the main shortcoming of inorganic QDs based OSCs is randomly hopping charge transport among discrete QD particles, which can be tackled through hybridization with one dimensional (1D) electrically conductive nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotube (CNT). By this way, CNT particles would behave as support for anchoring the light harvesting semiconductor QDs, leading to the enhancement of the exciton dissociation and charge transport towards the corresponding electrodes. Recently, manufacturing PSCs co-sensitized by QD loaded CNT has been shown as a promising direction to maximize performance of the device. This article reviews the recent developments in enhancement of OPVs" performance by utilization of high efficient light harvesting QDs and/or their hybrid with 1D CNTs.

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“…The a-C and a-C:N material has a mixture of sp 2 (graphitic) carbon bonding and the ratio can be modified depending on the deposition condition for such the deposition temperature [24]. As temperature increase, the conductivity was said to increase.…”

Section: Wt In Unit CMmentioning

confidence: 99%