Applications of carbon in lead-acid batteries: a review

Abstract

A review presents applications of different forms of elemental carbon in lead-acid batteries. Carbon materials are widely used as an additive to the negative active mass, as they improve the cycle life and charge acceptance of batteries, especially in high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) conditions, which are relevant to hybrid and electric vehicles. Carbon nanostructures and composite materials can also play such a role. The positive active mass additions are generally less beneficial than the negative ones. Carbon can also be applied as a material for reticulated current collectors for both negative and positive plates. This modern technology allows to increase the battery specific energy and active mass utilization. Batteries with such collectors can show improved cycle life, owing to a better active mass mechanical support. Other recent use of carbon in secondary batteries is as supercapacitor electrodes. They can replace the negative plate or be connected in parallel with such a lead plate. These solutions increase the specific power and HRPSoC performance. Presented new carbon-based technologies in a construction of lead-acid batteries can significantly improve their performance and allow a further successful competition with other battery systems.

An empirical investigation of lead-acid battery desulfation using a high-frequency pulse desulfator

“…It has been confirmed that sulfation plays a greater role in the failure of lead-acid batteries as about 70 % of "dead" batteries due to deterioration in use, recovered their performance to an almost similar state to that of new ones by the use of additives, which act on the negative electrodes [2], [18]. It has been reported [14], [19]- [28] that the addition of some form of carbon to the negative electrode helps to reduce the negative effects of sulfation and also boosts the charge acceptance rates of lead-acid batteries.…”

Controlling the corrosion and hydrogen gas liberation inside lead-acid battery via PANI/Cu-Pp/CNTs nanocomposite coating

“…In comparison, PANI/Cu-Pp/CNTs have the highest conductivity due to the fast electron delocalization along the PANI because of the combination of Zn-Pp and CNTs [34][35][36][37] . .…”

Description of Acid Battery Operating Parameters

“…In contrast, the relaxation period may last hours, and thus may provide sufficient data for this purpose. The problems of the modern technology used in the battery production process were considered in [24]. Carbon materials are widely used as an additive to the negative active mass and allow the battery specific energy and active mass utilization to be increased.…”