Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: 2020 SARCUS update

Abstract

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Age‐related alterations in muscle architecture are a signature of sarcopenia: the ultrasound sarcopenia index

“…In fact, ultrasound measurements in these two regions overlap with one another. It thus seems probable that the USI values reported in the present study may also apply to the mid‐thigh region referred by Perkisas et al 41,42 …”

“…Also, the present USI values are specific to measurements of Tm and Lf of the VL muscle performed at the distal 35% of femur length (with the lower border of the probe coinciding with the 35% position. Other groups prefer acquiring ultrasound images at the mid‐thigh region, measured as the distance from tendon to tendon insertions 41,42 . However, the measurement at mid‐thigh is indeed contiguous with the 35% distal femur length measured as the distance between the inferior border of the greater trochanter and the lateral condyle of the tibial bone.…”

The FRAILMar Study Protocol: Frailty in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Multimodal Prehabilitation

“…Muscle quantity and muscle quality assessed with the ultrasound parameters recommended by the Sarcopenia through Ultrasound (SARCUS) group in its 2020 update ( 32 ).…”

“…Frailty measures: (a) Fried Phenotype: The five frailty criteria described by Fried are weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, and weakness; their sum score classifies individuals as not frail (score 0), pre-frail (score 1–2) and frail (score 3–5) ( 32 ); however, in renal populations patients have been categorized as follows: 0–1 as robust, two pre-frail and ≥3 frail. In addition, pre-frail and frail categories are usually joined and those patients are considered as frail; (b) FRAIL Scale: Five yes-no items addressing fatigue, resistance (cannot climb one flight of stairs), aerobic (cannot walk one block), illnesses (more than 5), and loss of weight (more than 5% in the last 6 months); patients are classified in robust (score 0), pre-frail (score 1–2), and frail (score 3–5) ( 34 ); (c) Clinical Frailty Scale: This is a nine-point scale that classifies individuals from very fit (score 1) to terminally ill (score 9) ( 35 , 36 ); (d) Edmonton Frail Scale: This 12-item scale covers nine frailty domains (cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication use, nutrition, mood, continence, and functional performance); the total score ranges from 0 to 17 and classifies patients as non-frail (score 0–5), vulnerable (score 6–7), mild frailty (score 8–9), moderate frailty (score 10–11), and severe frailty (score 12–17) ( 37 ); and (e) Frail-VIG index: This is a scale ranging from 0 to 1, where scores from 0.2 to 0.25 indicate frailty ( 38 ).…”

A pas de deux of osteoporosis and sarcopenia: osteosarcopenia

“…slower gait speed) (Table 2). Other modalities of imaging previously used to measure muscle mass include bioelectrical impedance analysis, but equations used to derive lean mass values are population and device specific, and lack standardization [25]; the same difficulties apply to ultrasound scanning use but interest in its application is growing, especially in view of the ready access to equipment [26,27]. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are mostly used in research settings or when other diseases or conditions are suspected [25].…”