“…The 21st century is centered on the development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution Era, which emphasizes knowledge as the main thing (Bartell, Cho, Drake, Petchauer, & Richmond, 2019;Domingo & Gallinaro, 2021). The demands of 21st-century skills indicate a holistic view of learning needed to realize graduates with comprehensive competencies (Handini & Mustofa, 2022;Salmia & Yusri, 2021). These competencies include basic skills (language, arts, mathematics, social, science), learning and innovation skills (creativity, innovation, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration), the ability to manage information, media and technology, and life and career skills (Supriyoko, Nisa, & Uktolseja, 2021).…”