Application of time-delay spectrometry for calibration of ultrasonic transducers

Abstract

Time-delay spectrometry (TDS) can conveniently be used for calibration and performance evaluation of piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers. The main emphasis of the work reported here is an experimental evaluation of the TDS technique. The TDS concept is introduced through a theoretical analysis. The experimental evaluation is carried out using specially designed measurement methods and instrumentation which uses a spectrum analyzer as the central analog signal processing unit. The optimal performance of the TDS measurement systems is analyzed in terms of relevant instrumentation parameters. The advantages and disadvantages of TDS, including practical performance limitations, are discussed, along with the measurement uncertainties of the method. It is shown that TDS in the frequence range covering both underwater acoustics and medical ultrasonics applications offers a viable alternative to other calibration techniques, such as those based on a gated burst measurement system.

In vitro ultrasound-mediated leakage from phospholipid vesicles

“…The B & K8103 hydrophone was calibrated in the frequency range 0.1 Hz to 200 kHz and the TC4308 was calibrated from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. These hydrophones were also independently calibrated using Time Delay Spectrometry technique [33][34][35]. At 20 kHz, the sensitivity of the B & K hydrophone was À211 dB re 1 V/lPa, whereas that of TC4038 was À225 dB re 1 V/ lPa.…”

“…The hydrophone was calibrated in the frequency range 0.25-20 MHz using a TDS approach described in [33][34][35]. In the vicinity of 1 MHz, the sensitivity of the hydrophone was about 0.255 lV/Pa.…”

Primary reciprocity-based method for calibration of hydrophone magnitude and phase sensitivity: Complete tests at frequencies from 1 to 7MHz

“…Regarding sensitivity phase calibration, the literature reports some approaches claiming the merit of being able to disclose the sensitivity phase as well, although the reported methods are mainly of comparison, instead of absolute, i.e., there is a need of a calibrated device to depict the hydrophone phase sensitivity. These approaches rely on time delay spectrometry [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or optical reference hydrophone [17][18][19][20].…”

Analytical and experimental comparisons between the frequency-modulated–frequency-shift measurement and the pulsed-wave–time-shift measurement Doppler systems

“…These effects have been analyzed elsewhere. 19 The second effect that can be noted from ͑8͒ is that the arrival time of the received signals occurs with an increasing delay, relative to transmission, as the particle moves away. This corresponds to the Doppler shift of the sweep ͑burst͒ repetition time, so that the new sweep ͑burst͒ repetition time is T r Ј ϭ T r /␤.…”