Application of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for analyses of restricted sulfa drugs

Abstract

The presence of sulfonamide residues in muscle foods is an important concern for consumers and regulatory agencies since these residues may pose potential health risks and result in an increase of drug-resistant bacteria. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was applied to analyze three sulfa drugs including sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole with concentrations ranging from 10 ng mL -1 to 5 lg mL -1 . Partial least squares regression (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the spectral data analyses. The three sulfa drugs could be detected at concentration levels as low as 10 ng mL -1 . For the quantitative analyses, the R 2 values of actual sulfa drug concentrations versus their concentrations predicted by the PLS models ranged from 0.8149 to 0.9009. Plotting of principal components based upon PCA showed clear, separated clusters between different sulfonamides. This study indicated potential for detection and determination of trace amounts of prohibited or restricted drugs with SERS technology.

Ag Nanostructures with Spikes on Adhesive Tape as a Flexible Sers-Active Substrate for In Situ Trace Detection of Pesticides on Fruit Skin

“…A comparison between SERS spectra of standard solutions from the pesticides that were left to dry onto Ag NSPs_0.05/tape and those of the same analytes obtained from contaminated apple peels through the "paste and peel off" method, are shown in Figure 4. The characteristic peaks of Phosmet (606, 653, 1014, 1189, 1260, 1381, 1409, and 1772 cm −1 ) and Carbaryl (713, 1380, and 1582 cm −1 ), as listed in Table S1 [12,[22][23][24], are clearly identified in all cases, being the most distinct at 10 −2 M. Relatively strong peaks of each pesticide, 606, 653, and 1189 cm −1 for Phosmet and 1380 and 1582 cm −1 for Carbaryl, were still recognizable at lower concentrations, indicating that the limit of detection of both pesticides is close to 10 −6 -10 −7 M; it is lower than the maximum residue limits of pesticides in food products as set by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is established to be around 10 −4 -10 −5 [15]. However, this detection limit still remains higher than that obtained by, e.g., utilizing Ag NPs deposited on porous silicon, in which detection limits were competent to go down to 10 −9 -10 −10 M [21].…”

Recent Applications of First- and Second-Order Multivariate Calibration to Analytical Chemistry

“…Some Raman examples that deserve to be cited are the determination of fat in liquid homogenized milk (45), furazoline and malachite green in fish samples (using the surface-enhanced Raman mode; 46), sulfonamide residues in muscle-building foods (47), and glucose in sport drinks by visible micro-Raman spectroscopy/PLS (48). Based on UV-Vis spectroscopy data, the following determinations were reported: caramel in spirits (cachaca, whiskies, and brandies) aged in oak casks (49); cobalt and nickel in water, food, and geological certified reference materials after ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and complexation with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (50); two herbicides (atrazine and cyanazine) in rice, mealie, soybean, pear, apple, cauliflower, and cabbage after reaction with p-aminoacetophenone (51); the dyes Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, and tartrazine in powdered soft drinks (52); and monosodium glutamate, guanosine-5′monophosphate, and inosine-5′-monophosphate in stock cube samples without any previous extraction step using stopped flow injection analysis (FIA; 53).…”

Continuous Wavelet Transform Based Partial Least Squares Regression for Quantitative Analysis of Raman Spectrum

“…It is regarded as one of the most sensitive techniques that can provide spectral fingerprint of every chemical compound, and has been a routine analytical method in food industry, pharmaceutical, chemical and biological communities [2] to investigate the composition of materials. To name a few examples, the technology has been applied by Cheung et al [3] to quantify the banned food dye; by Lai et al [17] to analyze sulfa drugs; by Strickland and Batt [24] to detect carbendazim, and by Stokes et al [23], Graham and Faulds [10] and Zhang et al [30] to detect DNA sequences. It also has been used in the field of biomedical diagnostics, especially in the application to cancer detection research [14]- [16], [29].…”

“…Quantitative analysis of spectrum is also called spectroscopic calibration, which is mainly to determine the chemical or physical properties of an analyte (e.g., concentrations of pure components in the compound) from its measured spectrum. The state-of-the-art analysis method is partial least square regression (PLSR) [3], [6], [17], [24], [31], which is developed from partial least squares (PLS) method. A recent overview of PLS can be found in [22].…”