Application of Rosmarinic Acid with Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Microbial Pathogens

Abstract

The emergence of the antimicrobial resistance phenomena on and the harmful consequences of the use of antibiotics motivate the necessity of innovative antimicrobial therapies, while natural substances are considered a promising alternative. Rosmarin is an original plant compound listed among the hydroxycinnamic acids. This substance has been widely used to fight microbial pathology and chronic infections from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Also, various derivatives of rosmarinic acid, such as the propyl ester of rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid methyl ester or the hexyl ester of rosmarinic acid, have been synthesized chemically, which have been isolated as natural antimicrobial agents. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were combined with antibiotics to obtain a synergistic effect. This review reports on the antimicrobial effects of rosmarinic acid and its associated derivatives, both in their free form and in combination with other microbial pathogens, and mechanisms of action.

Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, and Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae): A Review

“…Several compounds present in this plant showed a higher gastroprotective effect than lansoprazole, and the cytotoxic effect of most compounds was measured at fairly high concentrations and lacked cell specificity; instead, compounds 16 and 20 showed selective cytotoxicity against AGS cells and fibroblasts, respectively [20]. From the aerial parts of Sphacele chamaedryoides, (synonym L. chamaedryoides) [19], ten abietane diterpenes have been isolated: 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (16), royleanone (17), 7,20-epoxyroyleanone (18), ferruginol (19), taxoquinone (20), horminone (21), carnosol (22), 7-oxo-11,12,14-trihydroxy-abieta-8,11,13-trien-20-al (23), 7-oxo-7a,11,12-trihydroxy-abieta-8,11,13-trien-20-al (24), deoxocarnosol (25), sphatulenol (7), pinocembrin (26), and 5hydroxy-4 ′ ,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) [20] (Figure 4, compounds 16-27). Several compounds present in this plant showed a higher gastroprotective effect than lansoprazole, and the cytotoxic effect of most compounds was measured at fairly high concentrations and lacked cell specificity; instead, compounds 16 and 20 showed selective cytotoxicity against AGS cells and fibroblasts, respectively [20].…”

“…From L. graveolens, collected in Mexico, three antioxidative phenolic compounds have been isolated, namely, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (33), rosmarinic acid (34), and rosmarinic acid methylester (35) (Figure 6, compounds 33-35) [23]. Rosmarinic acid is undoubtedly the most relevant compound and has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial and antioxidant effects for use in anti-diabetic and potentially dietary supplements in cancer treatment [24][25][26][27]. Spathulenol (7), angustanoic acid E (36), and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) were isolated from L. radula; (-)-ledol (37), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (38), guaiol (39), and carnosol (22) were found in L. paniculata (Figure 7 compounds 36-39) [28].…”

“…From L. graveolens, collected in Mexico, three antioxidative phenolic compounds have been isolated, namely, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (33), rosmarinic acid (34), and rosmarinic acid methylester (35) (Figure 6, compounds 33-35) [23]. Rosmarinic acid is undoubtedly the most relevant compound and has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial and antioxidant effects for use in anti-diabetic and potentially dietary supplements in cancer treatment [24][25][26][27].…”

“…Rosmarinic acid is undoubtedly the most relevant compound and has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial and antioxidant effects for use in anti-diabetic and potentially dietary supplements in cancer treatment [24][25][26][27]. Spathulenol (7), angustanoic acid E (36), and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) were isolated from L. radula; (-)-ledol (37), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (38), guaiol (39), and carnosol (22) were found in L. paniculata (Figure 7 compounds 36-39) [28]. Spathulenol (7), angustanoic acid E (36), and 5-hydroxy-4 ′ ,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) were isolated from L. radula; (-)-ledol (37), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (38), guaiol (39), and carnosol (22) were found in L. paniculata (Figure 7 compounds 36-39) [28].…”

“…Spathulenol (7), angustanoic acid E (36), and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) were isolated from L. radula; (-)-ledol (37), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (38), guaiol (39), and carnosol (22) were found in L. paniculata (Figure 7 compounds 36-39) [28]. Spathulenol (7), angustanoic acid E (36), and 5-hydroxy-4 ′ ,7-dimethoxyflavone (27) were isolated from L. radula; (-)-ledol (37), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (38), guaiol (39), and carnosol (22) were found in L. paniculata (Figure 7 compounds 36-39) [28]. From L. mutica (Benth.…”