Application of Pressurized Liquid Extractions to Obtain Bioactive Compounds from Tuber aestivum and Terfezia claveryi

Abstract

A PLE (pressurized liquid extraction) method was adjusted following a full-factorial experimental design to obtain bioactive-enriched fractions from Tuber aestivum and Terfezia claveryi. Temperature, time and solvent (water, ethanol and ethanol–water 1:1) parameters were investigated. The response variables investigated were: obtained yield and the levels of total carbohydrate (compounds, β-glucans, chitin, proteins, phenolic compounds and sterols). Principal component analysis indicated water solvent and high temperatures as more adequate parameters to extract polysaccharide-rich fractions (up to 68% of content), whereas ethanol was more suitable to extract fungal sterols (up to 12.5% of content). The fractions obtained at optimal conditions (16.7 MPa, 180 °C, 30 min) were able to protect Caco2 cells from free radical exposure, acting as antioxidants, and were able to reduce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro: IL-6 (50%), and TNFα (80% only T. claveryi ethanol extract), as well as reduce high inhibitory activity (T. aestivum IC50: 9.44 mG/mL).

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Mycelia, Fruiting Bodies and Spent Mushroom Substrate of Edible Mushrooms

“…Thus, the antioxidant activity found in A. bisporus var subrufescens fruiting bodies was higher than those reported for PLE (Pressurized liquid extraction) extracts obtained from T. clavery and T. aestivium using different solvents [42]. In the same way, it was also superior to those shown by extracts obtained from varieties of Hypsizygus marmoreus [43].…”

Food By-Products and Agro-Industrial Wastes as a Source of β-Glucans for the Formulation of Novel Nutraceuticals

“…Apart from the Plantae kingdom, mushrooms and yeasts have been exhaustively investigated to isolate fungal glucans. The most representative structure is the branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucan, that can be found in white button, shiitake, oyster and porcini mushrooms, among others, as well as in black, summer and desert truffles [ 3 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 38 ]. As a matter of fact, specific structures with (1→3),(1→6)-β linkages such as lentinan and pleuran were described for L. edodes and Pleurotus spp., respectively, with potent and promising properties, e.g., immune-modulatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antiviral, etc.…”