Application of photon activation analysis to the determination of the distribution of toxic elements in soil of a sewage farm

Analysis of marine sediment and lobster hepatopancreas reference materials by instrumental photon activation

“…In the past decade IPAA has been successfully employed to determine constituents in various environmental matrices. These have included river and sea sediments (22,23), soil (24,25), aerosols (26), biological samples (27,28), and sewage sludge studies (29,30).…”

“…This element was determined in the marine sediment following a 15-min irradiation at 18.5 MeV beam energy and a delay time of 10 min through the 3501( , )34"01 reaction. For the lobster sample an irradiation time of 30 min and a counting time of [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] min were used. This reaction, moreover, is free from nuclear interference.…”

“…A measurement was conducted at an electron energy of 17.9 MeV, i.e., below the thresholds of the interfering reactions, but the counting statistics gave poor precision. In fact, even at 30 MeV electron energy and a delay time of 1 month, a counting period of 24 h was needed in order to achieve a worthwhile uncertainty in the Mn concentration. Iron.…”

Municipal waste slag for dyes photocatalytic and metal recovery applications through structural analysis and experimental characterization

“…Some advantages of PAA analysis are the lower cost compared to other instrumental techniques, for example, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) 17 . In most cases, chemical separation does not necessarily require the process, large volumes can be activated and, as is often the case with NAA, the entire sample volume activated without significant matrix absorption interfering 19 . Since the PAA uses high‐energy photons as a source of irradiation, the technique is highly penetrable and allows the bulk analysis of large sampling size 100 g or more without any special consideration compared to 0.5 g or less for NAA 20 .…”