Application of petrographic image analysis to the characterization of fluid-flow pathways in a highly-cemented reservoir: Kane Field, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

James, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/0920-4105(95)00015-a

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The HVA family of algorithms is critical for the field of PIA (Petrographic Image Analysis). The literature includes Ehrlich and Horkowitz (1984), Ehrlich et al (1984Ehrlich et al ( , 1991aEhrlich et al ( , b, 1996Ehrlich et al ( , 1997, Ross et al (1986), Scheffe and Full (1986), Full (1987), Etris et al (1988), McCreesh et al (1991), Ross and Ehrlich (1991), Ferm et al (1993), Bowers et al (1994Bowers et al ( , 1995, James (1995), Carr et al (1996), Yannick et al (1996), Anguy et al (1999Anguy et al ( , 2002 and Sophie et al (1999).…”

Section: Review Of the Applications Of Constant Sum Unmixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Unmixing in the Geologic Sciences: More Than A Half-Century of Progress

Full

2018

Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences

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For more than a half-century, scientists have been developing a tool for linear unmixing utilizing collections of algorithms and computer programs that is appropriate for many types of data commonly encountered in the geologic and other science disciplines. Applications include the analysis of particle size data, Fourier shape coefficients and related spectrum, biologic morphology and fossil assemblage information, environmental data, petrographic image analysis, unmixing igneous and metamorphic petrographic variable and the unmixing and determination of oil sources, to name a few. Each of these studies used algorithms that were designed to use data whose row sums are constant. Non-constant sum data comprise what is a larger set of data that permeates many of our sciences. Many times, these data can be modeled as mixtures even though the row sums do not sum to the same value for all samples in the data. This occurs when different quantities of one or more end-member are present in the data. Use of the constant sum approach for these data can produce confusing and inaccurate results especially when the end-members need to be defined away from the data cloud. The approach to deal with these non-constant sum data is defined and called Hyperplanar Vector Analysis (HVA). Without abandoning over 50 years of experience, HVA merges the concepts developed over this time and extends the linear unmixing approach to more types of data. The basis for this development involves a translation and rotation of the raw data that conserves information (variability). It will also be shown that HVA is a more appropriate name for both the previous constant sum algorithms and future programs algorithms as well.

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Section: Review Of the Applications Of Constant Sum Unmixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Unmixing in the Geologic Sciences: More Than A Half-Century of Progress

Full

2018

Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences

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“…The average throat size is a weighted average based upon each pore type's relative saturation and throat size range for each pressure interval. In sandstone and carbonate studies, average pore body widths are typically 2 to 15 times larger than their average throat diameter and may be as much as 600 times larger 13,14,15,16 . In diatomites, the size ratio between average pore body and throat diameter range is often much smaller (e.g., 1.6 for PT3, 1.4 for PT4, and 0.8 for PT5; Table 5).…”

Section: Capillary Pressure Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore Microstructure and Fluid Distribution in a Diatomaceous Reservoir

Ross

Kovscek

2002

All Days

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TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis study was undertaken to improve our understanding of fluid distribution and flow behavior by quantifying pore type, pore body size, shape attributes, and throat sizes of pore networks in diatomaceous reservoir rock. This work is a first step toward providing a means of integrating different measurement types and establishing an interpretive tool for understanding laboratory results and field behavior. This project lays the groundwork for developing a predictive tool that can be utilized to generate input for reservoir simulator studies.The pore microstructure of 11 diatomite samples from Lost Hills Field (Kern Co., CA) and one quarry sample was quantified using image analysis of photomicrographs collected with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. Six distinct pore types were identified ranging from small, irregularly shaped pores to large moldic and intraskeletal pores as well as large interconnected, intergranular pores. The throat size average and size range for each pore type was established by combining image analysis information with high-pressure mercury injection measurements. Once this relationship is determined, the pore body size and throat size serve as the basis for a predictive model allowing capillary pressure curves and fluid saturations to be calculated from pore type data.In this study, the relationship between pore types, fluid flow, and fluid distribution indicate a dual porosity system. Permeability is primarily controlled by three pore types, which represent 1 to 28% of the total core porosity and 0.67 to 9.75% of the total volume. Fluid saturation models were developed to provide an accurate means of calculating oil and water saturations as well as their distribution within the pore network for both the reservoir and core samples. From the model, we found that the most permeable pore types have oil saturations that are 5 to 35% lower than reservoir saturations. This indicates that the oil is moveable and can be swept from permeable pore types. Alternatively, there was no net change in saturations for the remaining pore types between core-and log-derived saturations. For these pore types, spontaneous imbibition is the most likely production mechanism. The smallest pore type is predominately water filled with oil saturation values of about 32% in both the reservoir and core samples.The proportion of each pore type can be predicted from wireline log data and used as input for the predictive capillary pressure model and fluid saturation models. This allows the models to be applied to the rest of the field providing data for field development decisions and simulator input.

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“…The average throat size is a weighted average based upon each pore type's relative saturation and throat size range for each pressure interval. In sandstone and carbonate studies, average pore body widths are typically 2 to 15 times larger than their average throat diameter and may be as much as 600 times larger (Ross et al, 1995;McCreesh et al, 1991;James, 1995;Bowers et al, 1994). In diatomites, the size ratio between average pore body and throat diameter range is often much smaller (e.g., 1.6 for PT3, 1.4 for PT4, and 0.8 for PT5; Table 5).…”

Section: Capillary Pressure Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy and Thermal Oil Recovery Production Mechanisms

Kovscek¹,

Castanier²

2002

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A novel method for computing two-phase relative permeability curves from the results of spontaneous imbibition experiments is presented. Using a specially constructed imbibition cell and an X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner, we obtain accurate measurement of saturation profiles along the length of cores as a function of time. The saturation profile history allows direct computation of the relative permeability for both phases from a single experiment when used in combination with a previously measured capillary pressure curve. Results are unique within experimental error. The proposed procedure works equally well for spontaneous and forced cocurrent imbibition. It was tested thoroughly using synthetic and experimental data, for water-air and water-oil systems. Test results are described within the paper. Advantages include the incorporation of capillary forces and no requirement for steady-state conditions. This method is useful to measure imbibition relative permeability curves, especially in low permeability rocks at relatively low wetting phase saturations. In such systems, it is laborious to reach multiple steady states and capillary forces are significant so that classical unsteady-state techniques do not apply. 4.1. Water-Air The first case is water-air spontaneous imbibition with zero initial water saturation. A one-dimensional grid with 1002 cells is used to generate the synthetic saturation data and later to check to the relative permeability functions obtained. The fine grid and small time steps limit, but do not eliminate, numerical artifacts.

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Application of petrographic image analysis to the characterization of fluid-flow pathways in a highly-cemented reservoir: Kane Field, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Linear Unmixing in the Geologic Sciences: More Than A Half-Century of Progress

Linear Unmixing in the Geologic Sciences: More Than A Half-Century of Progress

Pore Microstructure and Fluid Distribution in a Diatomaceous Reservoir

Heavy and Thermal Oil Recovery Production Mechanisms

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