Heavy and Thermal Oil Recovery Production Mechanisms

Abstract

A novel method for computing two-phase relative permeability curves from the results of spontaneous imbibition experiments is presented. Using a specially constructed imbibition cell and an X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner, we obtain accurate measurement of saturation profiles along the length of cores as a function of time. The saturation profile history allows direct computation of the relative permeability for both phases from a single experiment when used in combination with a previously measured capillary pressure curve. Results are unique within experimental error. The proposed procedure works equally well for spontaneous and forced cocurrent imbibition. It was tested thoroughly using synthetic and experimental data, for water-air and water-oil systems. Test results are described within the paper. Advantages include the incorporation of capillary forces and no requirement for steady-state conditions. This method is useful to measure imbibition relative permeability curves, especially in low permeability rocks at relatively low wetting phase saturations. In such systems, it is laborious to reach multiple steady states and capillary forces are significant so that classical unsteady-state techniques do not apply. 4.1. Water-Air The first case is water-air spontaneous imbibition with zero initial water saturation. A one-dimensional grid with 1002 cells is used to generate the synthetic saturation data and later to check to the relative permeability functions obtained. The fine grid and small time steps limit, but do not eliminate, numerical artifacts.