“…In addition, physical activity may also indirectly improve mood by enhancing executive function in two main biological hypotheses. The first, physical activity increases individual arousal levels, enhances cerebral blood perfusion (Klein et al, 2019), and promotes brain structure, especially gray matter integrity in the prefrontal and medial temporal regions (Hou et al, 2020), which in turn improves executive function, while activity in brain regions such as the anterior cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, hippocampus, and dorsolateral prefrontal lobes is associated with anxiety (Ren et al, 2017;Li and Ouyang, 2021). Secondly, physical exercise can increase brain neuroendocrine levels and stimulate the secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and other hormones in the brain (Cooper, 1973;Kruk et al, 2020), which are the main neurotransmitters affecting emotional states (Gosmann et al, 2021;Stubbendorff and Stevenson, 2021), thus improving individual executive function.…”