Application of Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy to the Study of Stone Weathering: A Cracow Case Study

Marszałek, Mariola

doi:10.1080/15583050701646695

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Spherical particles, found in the external black lamina, originated probably from industrial emissions. These spherical particles include aluminosilicate glass, and iron oxide particles, mainly hematite (Marszałek, 2008). It supports a hypothesis of the connection existing between the salts precipitating on the surface of sandstones and air pollution.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

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Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures

Alexandrowicz

Marszałek

Rzepa

2013

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Previous research on rock weathering crusts has revealed their large variability depending on the type of host rocks and development of weathering processes. The composition of crusts developed on natural sandstone exposures is less documented in the literature in comparison to those developed on architectonic stones. In both cases, previous research has focused mainly on the progress of salt weathering. This study considers the surfaces of sandstone tors in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The exposed parts of the rocks in this area are often covered by crust, which is up to several centimetres thick, and differs from the internal part in colour and composition. The crusts were characterized using light and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk chemical analyses and sequential chemical extractions. Porosity was estimated by digital image processing. The following two hardened zones were observed: (1) thin (up to 30 µm), black, external layer, rich in carbon and composed of opal‐type silica, covered in places by sulphate incrustations and numerous spherical particles of anthropogenic origin; (2) thicker (up to several millimetres), internal part composed of a set of laminae of variable colouration, enriched in iron (oxyhydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) in comparison to the rock interior. Development of the crust results from silicon and iron redistribution during the sandstone alteration. The chief source of silica is hydrolysis of aluminosilicates, whilst that of iron is decomposition of aluminosilicates, carbonates and sulphides. Hematite is probably a result of goethite transformation. However, air pollutants may play an important role in the formation of sulphates. Silica and iron compounds affect the properties of the rock, hardening the surface and lowering porosity by formation of secondary cement. Crystallization of sulphate salts, in turn, may contribute to mechanical disintegration of the rock. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…These spherical particles include aluminosilicate glass, and iron oxide particles, mainly hematite (Marszałek, 2008). These spherical particles include aluminosilicate glass, and iron oxide particles, mainly hematite (Marszałek, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures

Alexandrowicz

Marszałek

Rzepa

2013

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Electron microscopy analysis provides a better approximation to the microlayer structure, revealing its evolution over time, influence of conservation conditions, and interventions carried out [28,29]. It can also identify crystalline and vitreous formations, internal and external alterations [30], and the microstructure of the layer system and its internal adhesion.…”

Section: Review and Proposal Of Analysis Methods For Plasterwork Micromentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for characterising microlayers in historical plasterwork

Blasco-López

Sánchez

Alés

2015

Construction and Building Materials

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“…SAED analysis was conducted to further characterize the components of some urinary nanocrystallites ( Figure 2). The appearance of a series of diffraction points or diffraction rings demonstrated that the sample is monocrystal or polycrystal [23,24]. The diffraction data were indexed and compared with the PDF standard card [25].…”

Section: Saed Analysis Of Urinarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation Mechanism of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones: A Component Analysis of Urinary Nanocrystallites

Sun

Ouyang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of Nanomaterials

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The components of urinary nanocrystallites in patients with magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stones were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The main components of the stones were MAP hexahydrate (MAP⋅6H 2 O), magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO 4 ⋅3H 2 O), and a small amount of calcium phosphate (CaP), while the main components of urinary nanocrystallites were MgHPO 4 ⋅3H 2 O, CaP, and MAP monohydrate (MAP⋅H 2 O). MAP⋅H 2 O induced the formation of MAP stones as seed crystals. MgHPO 4 ⋅3H 2 O was accompanied by the appearance of MAP⋅6H 2 O. The formation mechanism of MAP stones and influencing factors were discussed on the basis of the components of urine nanocrystallites. A model diagram of MAP stone formation was also put forward based on the results. Formation of MAP stones was closely related to the presence of high amounts of MAP crystallites in urine. Urinary crystallite condition and changes in urine components could indicate the activity of stone diseases.

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Application of Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy to the Study of Stone Weathering: A Cracow Case Study

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures

Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures

Methodology for characterising microlayers in historical plasterwork

Formation Mechanism of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones: A Component Analysis of Urinary Nanocrystallites

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