Application of Non-Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Evaluation of the Expected Value of the Droplet Stain Diameter Following the Spraying Process

Abstract

In the era of sustainable agriculture, the issue of proper and precise implementation of agrotechnical operations, without harmful effects on the natural environment, begins to play an important role. Statistical tools also become important, for example, when assessing the malfunction of plant cultivation equipment. The study presents a comparison of six nonparametric bootstrap methods used for construction of confidence intervals for the expected value of an average diameter of droplet stains following the spraying process. The simulation tests were carried out based on experiment with nozzle sprayer Lechler 110-03 using two spray nozzles: a new one and an old one. It was assumed that the distribution of the droplet stain size was consistent with the lognormal distribution. The paper considers the influence of the sample size, mean value and standard deviation of the droplet stain diameter on the interval range as well as on the estimated coverage probabilities of the confidence intervals. It was shown that in general these methods can be applied for this purpose. For the double bootstrap method and the studentized method, the empirical confidence levels of the constructed intervals turned out to be less distinct than the assumed level but the lengths of these intervals were greater than the lengths of intervals obtained using the other four methods.

The Influence of Droplet Dispersity on Droplet Vaporization in the High-Temperature Wet Gas Flow in the Case of Combined Heating

“…The process of radiation absorption in droplets of a semi-transparent liquid, including water, strongly depends on the size of the droplets [35]. Therefore, for droplets of different dispersity, the intensity of the interaction between the processes of combined heat and mass transfer will be different [41]. Investigation in [6] confirms the essential roles of water droplet slipping in a gas flow and the absorption of the local flux of radiation in those droplets during an interaction between combined transfer processes.…”

Evaluation of Different Internal Designs of Hydraulic Nozzles under an Accelerated Wear Test

“…Bochniak et al [15] studied the difference between new and worn nozzles by examining the distribution and size of stains of using non-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals. Sayinci [16] recommended applying the elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) method to study the wear of the nozzles since this method succeeded in distinguishing shape differences among flat fan nozzle orifices directly after production.…”

Quantitative Analysis and Correction of Temperature Effects on Fluorescent Tracer Concentration Measurement

“…To reduce pesticide waste, the performances of agricultural sprayers need to be evaluated adequately and accurately [5,6]. Fluorescent tracers have been widely used to simulate pesticides in field tests, including the determination of pesticide spray distribution, deposition, and drift [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and the assistance of sprayer design and improvement [16][17][18][19][20].…”