Application of millimeter waves to measure blood sugar level

Nikawa, Yoshio; Someya, D.

doi:10.1109/apmc.2001.985374

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This figure suggests that the real part of the relative permittivity increases with concentration while the imaginary part decreases with concentration. This dependence agrees with the results reported in [8] and [5], but not with measurements using a plane-parallel matching plate made of a low-loss dielectric reported in [6], where the real part of the relative permittivity decreases, contrary to our results. In order to reduce the possibility of error in our simulations, only the higher glucose concentrations in the range 1 wt% -5 wt% were used in the simulations presented later in the paper.…”

Section: Debye Analysis and Simulation Setupsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

Cano-Garcia

Kosmas

Sotiriou

et al. 2015

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Section: Debye Analysis and Simulation Setupsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Second, the electromagnetic behaviour of materials in that frequency range is not as established as in lower frequency ranges (below 10 GHz). This is particularly true for biological liquids were limited results are available in the literature [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

Cano-Garcia

Kosmas

Sotiriou

et al. 2015

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…In the DAK-TL measurements for glucose solutions at the mm-wave high-frequency range, it was noticed that with an increased concentration of glucose content in watery solutions, the real part of the relative permittivity (i.e., dielectric constant) slightly increases while the loss tangent decreases accordingly (implicit decrease of the imaginary part of relative permittivity and conductivity). This outcome conforms with the results reported in [3,79,80], however, it contradicts the conclusion reported in [70,71] that studied these measurements using a simple scheme that indicated a decreasing trend among the dielectric constants extracted from the measured reflection coefficient at the minimum resonant frequency for the reflected mm-wave signal. On the other hand, by comparing the collected dielectric measurements at lower frequency bands to those in the literature we find that some researchers were able to achieve trend among glucose concentrations in such low frequencies but for higher concentrations than those considered in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor

et al. 2020

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In this article, a novel sensing approach is presented for glucose level monitoring where a robust low-power millimeter(mm)-wave radar system is used to differentiate between blood samples of disparate glucose concentrations in the range 0.5 to 3.5 mg/mL. The proposed radar sensing mechanism shows greater capabilities for remote detection of blood glucose inside test tubes through detecting minute changes in their dielectric properties. In particular, the reflected mm-waves that represent unique signatures for the internal synthesis and composition of the tested blood samples, are collected from the multi-channels of the radar and analyzed using signal processing techniques to identify different glucose concentrations and correlate them to the reflected mm-wave readings. The mm-wave spectrum is chosen for glucose sensing in this study after a set of preliminary experiments that investigated the dielectric permittivity behavior of glucose-loaded solutions across different frequency bands. In this regard, a newly-developed commercial coaxial probe kit (DAK-TL) is used to characterize the electromagnetic properties of glucose-loaded samples in a broad range of frequencies from 300 MHz to 67 GHz using two different 50 Ω open-coaxial probes. This would help to determine the portion of the frequency spectrum that is more sensitive to slight variations in glucose concentrations as indicated by the amount of change in the dielectric constant and loss tangent parameters due to the different concentrations under test. The mm-wave frequency range 50 to 67 GHz has shown to be promising for acquiring both high sensitivity and sufficient penetration depth for the most interaction between the glucose molecules and electromagnetic waves. The processed results have indicated the reliability of using mm-wave radars in identifying changes in blood glucose levels while monitoring trends among those variations. Particularly, blood samples of higher glucose concentrations are correlated with reflected mm-wave signals of greater energy. The proposed system could likely be adapted in the future as a portable non-invasive continuous blood glucose level monitoring for daily use by diabetics.

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“…Milimetre dalga absorpsiyonunun insan kanı örneklerinde, karmaşık kırılma indeksi aracılığı ile glikoz konsantrasyonu ile arasındaki ilişki daha önceki araştırmalarda gösterilmiştir (Alison & Sheppard, 1993;Gennarelli et al, 2013;Topsakal et al, 2011). Milimetre dalga bandında yapılan ilk çalışmada araştırmacılar glikoz çözeltisinin kompleks geçirgenliğini ölçmüş ve 35 -38 GHz aralığında iletim katsayısının değişimini göstermiştir (Nikawa & Someya, 2001). Bir diğer çalışmada ise invazif olmayan bir rezonans aplikatörü kullanılarak yeni bir teknik önerilmiştir (Nikawa & Michiyama, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Mi̇li̇metre Dalga Bandinda İnvazi̇f Olmayan Bi̇r Yöntem İle Sivilarda Gli̇koz Sevi̇yesi̇ni̇n Beli̇rlenmesi̇

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Çankaya

Ermeydan

2022

UUJFE

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Diyabet çağımızın en önemli halk sağlığı problemlerinden biridir. Kandaki glikoz seviyesinin kontrolü için kandaki glikoz oranının belirlenmesi gereklidir. Cihaz perspektifinden bakıldığında kandaki glikoz oranının belirlenmesinde invazif ve minimal invazif yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Her iki yöntem de incelendiğinde enfeksiyonel ve psikolojik riskleri beraberinde getirdikleri görülmektedir. Bu sebeplerden dolayı araştırmacılar invazif olmayan bir yöntem geliştirmek için çeşitli araştırmalar yapmaktadırlar. Milimetre dalgalar (mm-dalga), doku üzerinde herhangi bir zararlı etki yapmadığından doku katmanında invazif olmayan glikoz ölçümüne imkân sunar. Kanın karmaşık geçirgenliği mm-dalga bandında glikoz konsantrasyonu için oldukça hassastır. Bu çalışmada, 30 – 35 GHz bandında çeşitli glikoz oranlarına sahip sıvılarda mm-dalga yansıması, vektör ağ analizörü kullanılarak açık uçlu koaksiyel prob ve WR-28 adaptörü kullanılarak ayrı ayrı elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler her iki yöntem için 0.1 g/ml, 0.19 g/ml, 0.26 g/ml ve 0.33 g/ml glikoz konsantrasyonuna sahip sulu çözeltilerde, şekerli - şekersiz gazozda ve kola - diyet kola - kola zero gibi sıvılarda glikoz seviyesinin belirlemesinde S11-yansıma katsayısı verisinin ayırt edici olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar mm-dalgaların glikoz seviyesinin tespiti ve takibi için umut verici olduğunu göstermiştir.

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Application of millimeter waves to measure blood sugar level

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor

Mi̇li̇metre Dalga Bandinda İnvazi̇f Olmayan Bi̇r Yöntem İle Sivilarda Gli̇koz Sevi̇yesi̇ni̇n Beli̇rlenmesi̇

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