Application of micro‐solid‐phase extraction for the on‐site extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amines in seawater

Abstract

An efficient on‐site extraction technique to determine carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in seawater has been reported. A micro‐solid‐phase extraction device placed inside a portable battery‐operated pump was used for the on‐site extraction of seawater samples. Before on‐site applications, parameters that influence the extraction efficiency (extraction time, type of sorbent materials, suitable desorption solvent, desorption time, and sample volume) were investigated and optimized in the laboratory. The developed method was then used for the on‐site sampling of heterocyclic aromatic amines determination in seawater samples close to distillation plant. Once the on‐site extraction completed, the small extraction device with the analytes was brought back to the laboratory for analysis using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Based on the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.05–20 μg/L with correlation coefficients up to 0.996. The limits of detection were 0.004–0.026 μg/L, and the reproducibility values were between 1.3 and 7.5%. To evaluate the extraction efficiency, a comparison was made with conventional solid‐phase extraction and it was applied to various fortified real seawater samples. The average relative recoveries obtained from the spiked seawater samples varied in the range 79.9–95.2%.

Potential carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in foodstuffs: Formation, extraction, analytical methods, and mitigation strategies

“…There are other kinds of extraction and clean‐up methods used for the analysis of HAAs in foodstuffs. As shown in Table , these methods include pressurized liquid extraction (Khan, Busquets, Santos, & Puignou, ), supercritical fluid extraction (De Andres, Zougagh, Castaneda, & Rios, ), accelerated solvent extraction (Ouyang, Li, Tang, Jin, & Li, ), air‐agitated cloud‐point extraction (Vichapong et al., ), microsolid‐phase extraction (µ‐SPE; Basheer, ; Zhang, Li, & Xiao, ), and QuEChERS technique (Hsiao et al., ). It is worth mentioning that μ‐SPE is advantageous over SPME.…”

“…HPLC is the most common technique applied for the analysis of HAAs because it does not require derivatization process and requires minimal preparation. Over the last two decades, a number of LC‐based studies (summarized in Table ) by coupling with different kinds of detectors have been reported for the analysis of HAAs in foodstuffs including LC‐DAD (Agudelo Mesa et al., ; Cai et al., ; Cárdenes et al., ; Janoszka, Blaszczyk, Damasiewicz‐Bodzek, & Sajewicz, ; Melo et al., ; Özdestan et al., ; Tan et al., ), LC‐ECD (Bermudo, Ruiz‐Calero, Puignou, & Galceran, ; Martin‐Calero et al., ), LC‐FLD (Basheer, ; Jautz et al., ; Martín‐Calero et al., ; Martin‐Calero, Tejral, Ayala, Gonzalez, & Afonso, ; Ristic, Cichna, & Sontag, ), LC‐UVD (Aeenehvand et al., ; Yao et al., ; Zhang et al., ; Zhang et al., ), LC‐PDA (Vichapong et al., ; Vichapong, Srijaranai, Santaladchaiyakit, Kanchanamayoon, & Burakham, ), LC‐amperometric detector (Maria Bueno, Angel Marin, Maria Contento, & Rios, ), and HPLC‐coulometric electrode array detection (Gerbl, Cichna, Zsivkovits, Knasmüller, & Sontag, ).…”

“…A newly synthesized arginine‐modified reduced graphene oxide composite was used in the online SPE disk and results found that the method LODs and recovery were in the ranges of 0.30 to 0.49 µg/kg and 82.2 to 111.5%, respectively. More recently, Basheer () has developed a method for HAAs analysis in seawater based on HPLC‐FLD (Basheer, ). LODs were found to be 0.004 to 0.026 µg/kg.…”

Determination of 14 heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products using solid‐phase extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

“…Although lacking evidence to support the hypothesis that excessive uptake of HAs could directly cause cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has already decided a limitation of HAs . HAs have been discovered in different matrices . Most of the researchers have isolated and identified them in food samples and related substances.…”

“…Most of the researchers have isolated and identified them in food samples and related substances. For instance, barbecue, roast fish, cooking residues (such as pan residues and cooking smoke), alcoholic beverages, and many other compounds have been reported to contain trace of HAs . Besides, in biological samples (such as serum, hair, bile, human milk, urine, and so on), HAs have been detected .…”