Application of Laser Doppler Spectroscopy (LDS) in determining swimming velocities of motile phytoplankton

Bauerfeind, Eduard; Elbrächter, Malte; Steiner, Rudolf; Throndsen, Jahn

doi:10.1007/bf00401099

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Swimming speeds displayed by cells in our assays spanned nearly the entire range between mean cell speeds of 20 m s Ϫ1 , found by Throndsen (1973), and 150 m s Ϫ1 , found by Bauerfeind et al (1986). Our results suggest that the relatively large speed differences may reflect distinct genetic identities of the cells used in those two studies.…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

“…Formation of these slicks over relatively rapid timescales and Heterosigma's ability to undergo substantial daily excursions through the water column (Kohata and Watanabe 1986;MacKenzie 1991) suggest that motility plays a central role in surface aggregation. Previous studies reported Heterosigma swimming speeds differing by an order of magnitude (20-150 m s Ϫ1 ; Throndsen 1973; Bauerfeind et al 1986). Both the presence and absence of diurnal changes in water-column distributions have also been published (Hershberger et al 1997;Smayda 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Previous studies show that Heterosigma cells are highly motile and suggest high variability in individual-level swimming characteristics with markedly differing implications for population distributions and HAB formation (Throndsen 1973;Bauerfeind et al 1986). However, it remains ambiguous whether discrepancies between these studies reflect differences in culture conditions and observation methods or whether different strains of Heterosigma exhibit intrinsically different motility characteristics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relating cell‐level swimming behaviors to vertical population distributions in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), a harmful alga

Bearon

Grünbaum

Cattolico

2004

Limnology & Oceanography

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Abstract-Cell motility may facilitate the formation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) by enabling algal cells to swim to favorable microenvironments that support explosive growth. Motility also augments the formation of algal cell aggregations that are often associated with ecological and economic consequence. In this study, we used computerized video analysis to quantify cell-level swimming characteristics by reconstructing cell trajectories in the motile raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, a unicellular alga that forms toxic surface slicks in temperate coastal waters worldwide. Heterosigma cells are capable of rapid changes between at least two active swimming modes, distinguishable by the magnitude of the oscillatory component of motion. Swimming direction varied during a diurnal photoperiod, with swimming direction changing from random to upward directed shortly after the start of the light phase. Motility assays performed 6-8 h into the light phase showed that two Heterosigma strains from geographically distant locations differed significantly in gross swimming speeds, with mean values of 49-66 m s Ϫ1 for strain CCMP452 (West Atlantic, USA), and 88-119 m s Ϫ1 for strain CCAP934-1 (North Sea, Norway). A spatially explicit model of vertical distribution of Heterosigma cells based on strain-specific motility data suggests that cells of the two strains may diverge in water-column position within a few hours and that CCAP934-1 develops dense surface aggregations more rapidly and more robustly than CCMP452. Propensity to form toxic surface slicks, and therefore frequency and severity of HAB impacts, may vary substantially among Heterosigma strains, mediated by differences in cell-level motility.

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supporting

confidence: 67%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relating cell‐level swimming behaviors to vertical population distributions in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), a harmful alga

Bearon

Grünbaum

Cattolico

2004

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Vertical velocities at fronts are notoriously difficult to measure, but estimates from field studies and modelling indicate maximal speeds of ca 0.2 mm s-' (Foo 1981, Smith et al 1983, Chao 1987, Werner 1987. This is the same order of magnitude as the swimming speed of most ciliates, flagellates, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms (for example Bauerfeind et al 1986); thus these organisms are considered weak swimmers in the present model. Most crustaceans (copepods, euphausiids, amphipods, etc.)…”

Section: General Modelmentioning

confidence: 72%

Sink or swim, accumulation of biomass at fronts

Franks¹

1992

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

422

260

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The dense concentrat~ons of blomass colnmonly seen at fronts are often explalned by a phys~olog~cal response of the oiganlsms to the frontal environment However, some fractlon of the enhanced b~o m a s s may be explalned through purely phys~cal processes the interaction of floating sinking or swlmmlng w~t h the flows at a front To explore this hypothesis, I present a model of steady, 2-dlmenslonal cross-frontal circulat~ons, whlch I combine ~1 1 t h a vanety of swlrnming behaviors The models show how patchmess may arise at fronts through retention and accumulat~on zones, and the patterns which evolve glven vanous flow and swimmlng characterlst~cs The ecological slgnlficance of the results 1s discussed

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“…Most dinoflagellates swim at about 10 body lengths sec -~ or less [1,25], suggesting a maximum energy cost of about 1% for a cell of 100 ~m diameter, and much less for a cell of 10-20 ~m diameter. At 100 body lengths sec -~, a cell of 100 ~m would expend the equivalent of just over 100% total metabolism (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic cost of motility in planktonic protists: Theoretical considerations on size scaling and swimming speed

Crawford

1992

Microb Ecol

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The metabolic cost of swimming for planktonic protists is calculated, on theoretical grounds, from a simple model based upon Stokes' law. Energetic expenditure is scaled over both typically encountered size ranges (1-100 µm) and swimming speeds (100-5,000 µm/sec). In agreement with previous estimates for typical flagellates, these estimates generally suggest a low (<1%) cost for motility, related to total metabolic rate of growing cells. However, the cost of motility in small, fast-moving forms, such as some ciliates and flagellates, may be significant (1-10%) and even substantial (10-100%+) for certain species. In accordance with these predictions, many fast-moving ciliates restrict motility to bursts of activity or "jumps." In the absence of a reduction in swimming speed or in the frequency of jumps, it is predicted that this relative cost of motility will be significantly increased in starving heterotrophs or light-limited autotrophs, if such cells reduce cell volumes and specific rates of respiration.

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Application of Laser Doppler Spectroscopy (LDS) in determining swimming velocities of motile phytoplankton

Cited by 35 publications

References 16 publications

Relating cell‐level swimming behaviors to vertical population distributions in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), a harmful alga

Relating cell‐level swimming behaviors to vertical population distributions in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), a harmful alga

Sink or swim, accumulation of biomass at fronts

Metabolic cost of motility in planktonic protists: Theoretical considerations on size scaling and swimming speed

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