Application of Ginsenoside Rd in Periodontitis With Inhibitory Effects on Pathogenicity, Inflammation, and Bone Resorption

Abstract

Periodontitis is a worldwide oral disease induced by the interaction of subgingival bacteria and host response and is characterized by local inflammation, bone resorption, and tooth loss. Ginsenoside Rd (Rd) is a biologically active component derived from Panax ginseng and has been demonstrated to exert antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory efficiency of Rd towards Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), periodontal inflammatory response, and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and to further validate the results in a mouse periodontitis model, thus, evaluate the potential effects of Rd on the control and prevention of periodontitis. According to the results, Rd exerted excellent antibacterial activities against planktonic P. gingivalis, along with attenuating P. gingivalis virulence and inhibiting its biofilms. Meanwhile, the inflammatory cytokine production and osteoclastogenesis were remarkably inhibited by Rd both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Rd efficiently ameliorated the subgingival P. gingivalis abundance and suppressed the alveolar bone resorption in vivo as well. In conclusion, Rd has the potential to be developed as a promising medication in the control and prevention of periodontitis.

Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs

“…Rb1 is a major component of YH23537 and has been reported to reduce inflammatory cytokines TNF- α , IL-6, and IL-1 β released in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and bone-marrow-derived macrophages, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in disease animal models such as collagen-induced arthritic mice [ 28 – 30 ]. A further component, Rd, exhibited both inhibitory activity for iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells as well as suppressive activity in carageenan-induced inflammation and periodontitis by ligaturing sterile sutures [ 31 – 33 ]. Rg3 also suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production, such as TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells [ 34 ].…”

“…So, the anti-inflammatory effects alone may not be sufficient to address all of the efficacy of YH23537 in this model. YH23537 has various biologically known or unknown active compounds which result in anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, tissue-regenerating, and antioxidative stress effects [ 27 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 37 , 38 ]. For example, ginsenoside Rg1 was found to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells [ 39 ] while grape seed extracts, green tea extracts, and horse chestnut leaf extracts, containing various active compounds, have demonstrated to alleviate experimental periodontitis [ 40 – 42 ].…”

Facile engineering of resveratrol nanoparticles loaded with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol for the treatment of periodontitis by regulating the macrophage phenotype

“…20 Remarkably, RES reduced oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production and provided anti-inflammatory protection in a rat periodontitis model. 21,22 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an aglycone of PPD-type ginsenosides (Ra1, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3 and Rh2), which possess anti-periodontitis, 23 anti-inflammation, and antioxidation activities. [24][25][26] In recent years, the application of nanotechnology has provided new drug delivery systems and innovative therapies for the treatment of periodontitis.…”

Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases

“…Mey., is one of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, while the proportion of ginsenoside Rd in ginseng is very low ( Liu et al, 2020a ). Interestingly, the promising effects of the pretreatment and treatment of ginsenoside Rd on neurological diseases, cancer, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic diseases have been studied extensively in in vivo and in vitro models ( Guo et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ).…”