Application of exosomes for the alleviation of COVID‐19‐related pathologies

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID‐19 caused worldwide concern. Due to the lack of appropriate medications and the inefficiency of commercially available vaccines, lots of efforts are being made to develop de novo therapeutic modalities. Besides this, the possibility of several genetic mutations in the viral genome has led to the generation of resistant strains such as Omicron against neutralizing antibodies and vaccines, leading to worsening public health status. Exosomes (Exo), nanosized vesicles, possess several therapeutic properties that participate in intercellular communication. The discovery and application of Exo in regenerative medicine have paved the way for the alleviation of several pathologies. These nanosized particles act as natural bioshuttles and transfer several biomolecules and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. To date, several approaches are available for the administration of Exo into the targeted site inside the body, although the establishment of standard administration routes remains unclear. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 primarily affects the respiratory system, we here tried to highlight the transplantation of Exo in the alleviation of COVID‐19 pathologies.

Exosomes in the life cycle of viruses and the pathogenesis of viral infections

“…Экзосомы используют в клинических исследованиях, направленных на лечение COVID-19 [129]. Оценивают потенциал экзосом в трех направлениях:…”

“…Авторы заключили, что ExoFlo является многообещающим кандидатным лечебным средством при тяжёлой форме COVID-19. Суммируя данные о действии экзосом на различные клетки в лёгочной ткани, инфицированной SARS-CoV-2, авторы заключили [129], что экзосомы способны: а) взаимодействовать как с S-белком SARS-CoV-2, так и с клеточным рецептором АСЕ2, конкурентно подавляя проникновение вируса; б) снижать уровни провоспалительных цитокинов в сосудистых и альвеолярных клетках; повышать функции макрофагов, интерферонов, В-клеток, модулируя иммунные реакции. Эти результаты подтверждают вывод о том, что экзосомы -перспективные кандидаты для разработки вакцин.…”

Exosomes in viral infection: Effects for pathogenesis and treatment strategies

“…Exosomes can also enhance antiviral responses in infected cells by various mechanisms (Rezabakhsh et al, 2022). For example, the secretion and synthesis of interferons can be increased by the transfer of interferonstimulated genes (ISGs) through exosomes (Yao et al, 2018).…”

“…For example, the secretion and synthesis of interferons can be increased by the transfer of interferonstimulated genes (ISGs) through exosomes (Yao et al, 2018). Studies indicate that MSC-Exo contains high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β (Rezabakhsh et al, 2022). MSC-Exo can produce specific growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, that can restore the function of the alveolar-blood barrier and limit the infiltration of immune cells into the infected areas (Rezabakhsh et al, 2022).…”

“…Studies indicate that MSC-Exo contains high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β (Rezabakhsh et al, 2022). MSC-Exo can produce specific growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, that can restore the function of the alveolar-blood barrier and limit the infiltration of immune cells into the infected areas (Rezabakhsh et al, 2022). Exosome has cytoprotective properties against viral infection and high levels of antibacterial components, according to various studies.…”