Application of Cross-Correlation Greens Function Along With FDTD for Fast Computation of Envelope Correlation Coefficient Over Wideband for MIMO Antennas

Sarkar, Debdeep; Srivastava, Kumar Vaibhav

doi:10.1109/tap.2016.2633158

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A convenient FDTD model developed in [40,41] was applied to the problem of calculating reactive energy in [42]. Using this FDTD simulation paradigm, some initial result relating to this relation between localized energy and reactive energy is reported here in Figure 1, which is in perfect agreement with Eq.…”

Section: Comparison With Reactive Energysupporting

confidence: 56%

On Localized Antenna Energy in Electromagnetic Radiation

Mikki¹,

Sarkar²,

Antar³

2019

PIER M

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We provide a general and rigorous formulation of antenna localized electromagnetic radiation energy in generic antenna systems based on Poynting flow instead of the spectral approach proposed earlier. The main theory is first developed using the principles of energy-momentum conservation and the center-of-energy theorem, culminating in the derivation of a direct localized energy expression. It is rigorously established that this expression satisfies the main features expected of physical energy, mainly positive definiteness and regularity. The obtained formula involves only the radiated fields (no current or charge) source and is easier to compute using specialized direct time-domain EM solvers. The proposed approach is expected to play a role in understanding energy localization in coupled antennas and shed light on gain enhancement methods. LOCALIZED ENERGY: MOTIVATIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSThe subject of localized energy has emerged in recent years as one of the potential critical domains projected to play increasingly important roles in various applications. For example, we mention 5G and mmWave technologies, which are accompanied by interactions and energy exchange at multiple physical scales, often in dense and complex electromagnetic environments; indeed, systems like Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) and massive MIMO involve interactions in the near-zone and hence increased localization [1,2]. Also, it is now established that near-field nano-optics, subwavelength imaging, plasmonics, and optical antennas all involve highly nontrivial processes of local energy enhancement [3,4]. Electromagnetic energy localization has also been studied in depth within the context of condensed matter physics [5] and is a familiar subject in periodic structures like photonic crystals. Energy localization is now seen as a fundamental factor in electromagnetic therapy in general [6] and microwave hyperthermia in particular [7]. However, while looking into the electromagnetic energy in the near-field of antennas, the applied electromagnetics community mostly focuses the attention towards the "reactive energy" for antennas [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. It should be noted here that near-field focusing is another classical antenna application where energy localization is essential [16][17][18], and the same is true for the closely related subject of wireless power transfer [19]. Also in traditional RF and microwave antenna engineering, localized energy has been singled out as one of the main principles behind ultrawide band (UWB) performance [20,21]. Therefore, it has become essential to look into the near-fields of the antennas more comprehensively and focus on aspects like localized energy, moving beyond the standard notions of reactive-energy and antenna-Q factors [22][23][24][25][26][27].The subject of localized energy was recently treated from a more general perspective, that of the Weyl (plane-wave) expansion [28,29], which was used to propose a spacetime spectral theory of localized energy in [30,31]. Localized energy in th...

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Section: Comparison With Reactive Energysupporting

confidence: 56%

On Localized Antenna Energy in Electromagnetic Radiation

Mikki¹,

Sarkar²,

Antar³

2019

PIER M

Self Cite

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“…Such large spacing can increase antenna isolation and minimize the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to further improve overall data rate, which is verified in field tests. Furthermore, the ECC, ρ e,12 , between two antennas (sub-arrays) is defined in [17], and can be obtained from the 3-D far-filed radiation patterns of the individual antennas from the formula [18]:…”

Section: G User Equipment Specification and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Beam Multi-Stream Communications for 5G and beyond Mobile User Equipment and UAV Proof of Concept Designs

Huo

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall)

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), are expected to play a crucial role for 5G and beyond cellular and next-generation wireless local area network (WLAN) communications. Moreover, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also considered as an important component of next-generation networks. In this paper, we propose and present a mmWave distributed phased-arrays (DPA) architecture and proof-of-concept (PoC) designs for user equipment (UE) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which will be used in 5G/Beyond 5G wireless communication networks. Through enabling a multistream multi-beam communication mode, the UE PoC achieves a peak downlink speed of more than 4 Gbps with optimized thermal distribution performance. Furthermore, based on the DPA topology, the UAV aerial base station (ABS) prototype is designed and demonstrates for the first time an aggregated peak downlink data rate of 2.2 Gbps in the real-world field tests supporting multi-user (MU) application scenarios.Index Terms-5G and Beyond, Millimeter-wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), user equipment (UE), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), spatial multiplexing, beamforming, smartphone, product design.

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“…Consequently, the CGF-based technique completely eliminates the requirement of going through the conventional patternbased route of (1) by focusing instead on the total radiating antenna current distribution, i.e., only current points reflecting the radiator excitation and geometry are needed, and these are considerably smaller in number than the far-field points [16], [33], [34]. Clearly, still all components of the CGF involve two-dimensional angular integration operations over the entire sphere.…”

Section: A Review Of the Cgf Tensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of CGFs to realize high diversity gain MIMO antenna arrays as well as dual-polarized massive MIMO systems has been reported in recent past [29]- [32]. By efficient integration of the CGFs with finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) computational paradigm, one can also perform wideband time-domain correlation analysis for arbitrary antennas [33]- [34]. The CGFs are also extended to deal with radiators involving both electric/magnetic current sources [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, calculation of the CGF tensor components requires numerical integration involving elevation (θ) and azimuth (φ) angle dependent terms in the argument of complex exponential functions [16], [33]. Therefore, it becomes extremely difficult to efficiently embed these CGFs in fast optimization routines aiming at finding optimum current distributions for desired diversity performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Efficient Analytical Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Cross Correlation Green’s Function in MIMO Systems

Sarkar

Mikki

Antar

2019

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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In this paper, we completely eliminate all numerical integrations needed to compute the far-field envelope crosscorrelation (ECC) in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems by deriving accurate and efficient analytical expressions for the frequency-domain cross-correlation Green's functions (CGF), the most fundamental electromagnetic kernel needed for understanding and estimating spatial correlation metrics in multiple-antenna configurations. The analytical CGF is derived for the most general three-dimensional case, which can be used for fast CGF-based correlation matrix calculations in MIMO systems valid for arbitrary locations and relative polarizations of the constituent elements.

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Application of Cross-Correlation Greens Function Along With FDTD for Fast Computation of Envelope Correlation Coefficient Over Wideband for MIMO Antennas

Cited by 37 publications

References 34 publications

On Localized Antenna Energy in Electromagnetic Radiation

On Localized Antenna Energy in Electromagnetic Radiation

Multi-Beam Multi-Stream Communications for 5G and beyond Mobile User Equipment and UAV Proof of Concept Designs

An Efficient Analytical Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Cross Correlation Green’s Function in MIMO Systems

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