Application of concentrated deep sea water inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice

Abstract

BackgroundMineral water from deep-sea bedrock, formed over thousands of years, is rich in minerals such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe and others. Our present study was to investigate the preventive effects of natural deep-sea water on developing atopic dermatitis (AD).MethodsWe elicited AD by application of DNCB (2,4-dinitro-chlorobezene) in Nc/Nga mouse dorsal skin. Deep Sea water (DSW) was filtered and concentrated by a nanofiltration process and reverse osmosis. We applied concentrated DSW (CDSW) to lesions five times per week for six weeks, followed by evaluation. 1% pimecrolimus ointment was used as positive control. The severity of skin lesions was assessed macroscopically and histologically. Levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in the serum were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the levels of CD4+ and CD8+ spleen lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry analysis.ResultsDNCB-treated mice showed atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Treatment of mice with CDSW reduced the severity of symptoms in the skin lesions, including edema, erythema, dryness, itching, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Histological analyses demonstrated that epidermal thickness and infiltration of inflammatory cells were decreased after CDSW treatment. Given these interesting observations, we further evaluated the effect of CDSW on immune responses in this AD model. Treatment AD mice with CDSW inhibited up-regulation of IgE, histamine, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum. Also, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in spleen lymphocyte was down-regulated after treatment with CDSW. Finally, cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-10 which are important for Th2 cell development, were reduced.ConclusionsOur data suggests that topical application of CDSW could be useful in preventing the development of atopic dermatitis.

Perilla leaf extract prevents atopic dermatitis induced by an extract of Dermatophagoides farinae in NC/Nga mice

“…Particularly, the Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13) regulate IgE levels. 26 We did not measure these cytokines in this experiment, but it is known that PLE suppresses TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 and is assumed to suppress the Th1-type inflammation. Moreover, findings of increased CD4 + /CD8 + ratios in skin cells of animals with experimental AD are consistent with the findings of the present study.…”

The advantages of deep ocean water for the development of functional fermentation food

“…These patients were fed DOW daily for 6 months. The results showed that potassium ions in the hairs of the patients (Ha et al 2013;Hwang et al 2009a) Prevention of cardiovascular disease Unknown (Ha et al 2014;Yoshioka et al 2003) Antihypotensive Unknown (Katsuda et al 2008;Sheu et al 2013) Skin protection selenium (Bak et al 2012;Hataguchi et al 2005;Kimata et al 2002) Protection against duodenal ulcers Mg 2+ (Yang et al 2014) Osteoporosis prevention Unknown Antifatigue effect Unknown (Hou et al 2013) decreased, whereas the selenium content in the hairs noticeably increased. Moreover, DOW intake reduced the Hg and Pb toxic heavy metal content.…”

“…Because DOW is undisturbed by sunlight, the water quality is stable, clean, cold, and rich in mineral and nutrient contents (Othmer and Roels 1973). In recent years, numerous studies worldwide have confirmed the physiological functions of DOW (Bak et al 2012;Hou et al 2013;Hwang et al 2009a;Yokota et al 2010); therefore, its development as a type of functional food is considered feasible. Based on research results related to DOW in the development of preventive health care and applications in fermentation biotechnology, this review summarizes the benefits of applying DOW in the development of fermented functional foods.…”

Deep sea water improves exercise and inhibits oxidative stress in a physical fatigue mouse model

“…DSW has received increasing attention for various beneficial characteristics, such as low temperature, nutrition, sterility, stability and safety (8)(9)(10). It is known that high atmospheric pressure contributes to small and stable water molecules, ionization state and easy absorption of DSW.…”