Application of Computational Method in Designing a Unit Cell of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold: A Review

Mustafa, Nur Syahirah; Akhmal, Nor Hasrul; Izman, S.; Talib, Mat Hussin Ab; Omar, Mohd; Yahaya, Nor Zaiazmin; Illias, Suhaimi

doi:10.3390/polym13101584

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…One of the most important performance indicators in the process of bone repair is mechanical property [ 1b,28 ] Split‐P scaffolds and Cross‐hatch scaffolds were implanted into 4‐mm white rabbit femoral segmental defects (Figure S13, Supporting Information). After 4 weeks of implantation, more new bone formed in the holes of the Split‐P scaffolds, as shown by the red circle in Figure A, whereas new bone can scarcely be seen in the holes of the Cross‐hatch scaffolds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Triply periodic minimum surfaces (TPMS) are infinite, nonself‐intersecting, and 3D periodic surface structures that are characterized by a mathematical equation [ 1 ] . Natural systems that contain these structures include sea urchins, [ 2 ] biocube membranes, [ 3 ] butterfly wing scales, [ 4 ] and the exoskeletons of beetles and weevils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the rapid development of tissue engineering scaffolds, the study of bionic scaffolds for tissue engineering has become an important research field, [ 6 ] and the advantages of TPMSs in material structures have been fully exploited. [ 7 ] Because of their highly relative surface areas, permeable cellular structures with sequential surfaces, and controllable pore diameters and porosities through the manipulation of parameters in the aforementioned mathematical equation, [ 1c,8 ] TPMS scaffolds are attractive for manufacturing tissue engineering scaffolds with improved mass efficiencies and mechanical strengths. [ 9 ] Additionally, the high porosities and permeable cellular structures of TPMS scaffolds facilitate the growth of cells and tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration

Zhang

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Triply periodic minimum surfaces (TPMS), which outperform other structures in terms of bulk moduli and relative density, have been widely used to dramatically improve the mechanical strength of natural echinoderm skeletons and engineered scaffolds. Herein, TPMS‐structure‐based 3D‐printed hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds to highly improve their limited mechanical strength and evaluate the underlying mechanism in terms of mechanical match and biological bone repair process as a bone regeneration scaffold are constructed. The results show that TPMS‐structure‐based HAp scaffolds have a greater compressive strength range that is sufficient to meet the strength requirements for human cortical and trabecular bone, and outperform traditional HAp scaffolds with Cross‐hatch structures in terms of compressive strength, cell density, and osteogenic differentiation. The reduction of stress concentration and open‐cell permeable structure of Split‐P scaffolds can benefit the generation and ingrowth of new bone after the in vivo implantation in the rabbit femur bone. Furthermore, RNA‐seq and immunochemistry staining results of in vivo samples unravel the bone repair mechanism in a time sequence. The optimized scaffolds with TPMS macrostructures and an in‐depth understanding of repair mechanisms will contribute to the development of bone regeneration materials that perform on par with load‐bearing bone.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration

Zhang

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Lots of software are being used for the simulation of biomedical applications, especially for bone application design and validation. The computational methods and software simulation have been extensively used as the mechanical testing on scaffolds in forecasting cell proliferation, oxygen consumption and scaffold degradation [20]. Abaqus software, created by Dassault Systems, is used as a software for analysis based on FEM technique.…”

Section: Simulation Software For Bone Scaffold Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Analyses Related to Human Bone Scaffold: Utilisation of Solidworks® Software in 3D Modelling and Mechanical Simulation Analyses

2022

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Bone loss is risen due to fractures, surgeries and traumatic injuries. Scientists and engineers work over the years to find solutions to heal and accelerate bone regeneration. Bone grafting technique has been utilised which projects significant improvement in bone regeneration area. An extensive study is essential on the relation between the mechanical properties of bone scaffolds and the design of bone scaffolds in forecasting permeability access to promote bone growth and nutrient distribution. In reducing cost and time, mechanical simulation analyses are beneficial to simulate the relation. There are abundant of review works on the mechanical simulation analyses towards orthopaedic metallic implants. While the review on simulation analyses towards bone scaffolds are scarce. Therefore, this review study is intended to expose the utilisation of computer simulation analysis, specifically Solidworks® software in modelling three-dimensional (3D) scaffold models, performing mechanical simulation and analysing bone scaffold structure. The data were collected from three main sources of Google search, Scopus search and Science Direct search. From this review procedure, there are various computational software have been combined and used to perform several types of simulation analyses on bone scaffolds including Solidwork, Ansys, Abaqus, COMSOL Multiphysics, MATLAB etc. Among the simulation analyses, two main tests that can be simulated are mechanical test and fluid modelling. Solidwork® as one of the computer-aided design softwares has been extensively used to design two and 3D models. The advancement of this software on the performance of mechanical simulation analyses has also extended its application towards variety of applications including on bone scaffold evaluation. There are several parameters which are necessary to be set prior to the conduction of mechanical simulation analysis such as applied forces, material properties, mesh properties and boundary condition. As a conclusion, Solidwork® software is applicable to be used as a 3D modelling software to design bone scaffolds and to perform mechanical simulation analyses.

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“…Using FEM, tissue-specific or material-specific design analysis and prediction of biomechanical properties can be determined [20][21][22][23][24]. The analysis aids in accelerating the progression in choosing the materials or structures that are adequate in 3D bioprinting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Porous Scaffold for Tissue-Engineering Applications Using Finite Element Analysis

et al. 2022

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In recent years, finite element analysis (FEA) models of different porous scaffold shapes consisting of various materials have been developed to predict the mechanical behaviour of the scaffolds and to address the initial goals of 3D printing. Although mechanical properties of polymeric porous scaffolds are determined through FEA, studies on the polymer nanocomposite porous scaffolds are limited. In this paper, FEA with the integration of material designer and representative volume elements (RVE) was carried out on a 3D scaffold model to determine the mechanical properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)-reinforced gelatin (G) and alginate (A) hydrogel. The maximum stress regions were predicted by FEA stress distribution. Furthermore, the analysed material model and the boundary conditions showed minor deviation (4%) compared to experimental results. It was noted that the stress regions are detected at the zone close to the pore areas. These results indicated that the model used in this work could be beneficial in FEA studies on 3D-printed porous structures for tissue engineering applications.

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Application of Computational Method in Designing a Unit Cell of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold: A Review

Cited by 33 publications

References 131 publications

High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration

High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration

Simulation Analyses Related to Human Bone Scaffold: Utilisation of Solidworks® Software in 3D Modelling and Mechanical Simulation Analyses

Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Porous Scaffold for Tissue-Engineering Applications Using Finite Element Analysis

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