Application of citric acid as highly efficient and green organocatalyst for multi-component synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones

Glycerol: A Promising Benign Solvent for Catalyst‐free One‐pot Multi‐component Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrozolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐diones and 2H‐Indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones Under Controlled Microwaves Irradiation

“…The structures assigned for the reaction products were established based on analytical and spectral data and comparison with authentic samples synthesized via an alternative route. [19,27,29] In order to evaluate the greens of such protocol for the synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-diones and 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione, we calculated its EcoScale and compared it with other recently reported protocols. The synthesis of 5a and 8c was chosen, and the results demonstrated are reported in Table 3.…”

“…Below 60°C, yields are lower, whereas increasing the temperature has no pronounced yield outcomes, however sometimes led to the formation of unidentified products (Table ). The structure assigned for the reaction product could be established based on analytical and spectral data as well as comparison with authentic sample synthesized via alternative route . Mass spectra of 5a showed a molecular ion peak m/z at 316 (52%).…”

“…Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 ‐imid‐PMA magnetic nanoparticles under sonication . SnO 2 nanoparticles , magnetically separable H 3 Pw 12 O 4 @Fe 3 O 4 /EN‐MIL‐101 , Fe 3 O 4 ‐supported guanidine magnetic nanoparticles , citric acid , cerium sulfate [Ce(SO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O] at 80°C , heteropoly acids , caffeine‐H 2 SO 4 as a dual acidic catalyst at 100°C, TBBDA or PBBs at 80‐100°C, ZrCl 4 at 80°C , zirconium oxide nanoparticles , and Calix[4]arene in ethyl acetate as green solvent under microwave heating , CAN in polyethylene glycol , trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) in CH 3 CN/DMF (8:2) at 80°C , l ‐proline in EtOH/H 2 O at 80°C , Et 3 N in ethanol under ultrasonic irradiation , electrocatalytic assembling in n ‐propanole , and so many others. It is worth mentioning that these methods have their specific merits; however, they suffer from several disadvantages including the use of toxic organic solvents, expensive catalysts, harsh reaction conditions, high reaction temperatures, low yields, and low EcoScale.…”

Synthesis of pyrrolidinone derivatives from aniline, an aldehyde and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in an ethanolic citric acid solution under ultrasound irradiation

“…28 Despite its great importance, only a few papers have reported on its catalytic application in organic synthesis. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Green chemistry is an efficient technology that minimizes or preferably eliminates the formation of waste, avoids the use of toxic solvents and reagents and utilizes renewable raw materials as far as possible. 37 The introduction of combinatorial chemistry, which has become almost universally linked with lead compound development, appears in many applications to be contrary to the principles of green chemistry as, once again, the focus is on the desired product with little concern for the overall efficiency of the process with regards to transforming reactants into products with the least possible production of waste.…”

review on green multicomponent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

“…Antibacterial activity was found to be extremely high in some substances. The mechanisms behind this action will be examined further [70]…”