Application of cerium–nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots to the detection of tetracyclines residues and bioimaging

Upcycling Waste: Citrus limon Peel-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots for Sensitive Detection of Tetracycline in the Nanomolar Range

“…21 Zhang and Fan fabricated Ce−N-codoped CQDs with low cytotoxicity for TC residues and bioimaging with the detection limit of 0.25 μM. 22 John et al utilized Ruta graveolens leaves for the preparation of CQDs with an 18% quantum yield. The probe was used for the electrochemical sensing of TC.…”

Full Green Detection of Antibiotic Tetracyclines Using Fluorescent Poly(ethylene glycol) as the Sensor and the Mechanism Study

“…Tetracyclines refer to a variety of common antibiotics with the tetracycline skeleton (TC skeleton, i.e., a partially hydrogenated naphthacene nucleus with a carboxamide substituent) as the key structure and have been widely used against bacterial infections and a variety of diseases. − Among their vast versions of different species, doxycycline (DOX) and tetracycline (TC) are their important members, well known for their effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and extensively used in animal culture and aquaculture. However, the broad use of these antibiotics has led to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, making them persistent organic contaminants, and the chronic environmental risk of their exposure has been gaining more attention. − Therefore, their monitoring and detection have been in high demand, and different techniques have been developed to this end, including, for example, classical spectrophotometry, electrochemical analysis, − HPLC, , molecular imprinted polymers (MIP), ,− capillary electrophoresis analysis, etc. − Abreast with these methodologies, chemiluminometry, or simply fluorometry, has been also developed and is gaining more and more importance − owing to the easy operation and high reliability of the advanced instruments. Nevertheless, it should be noted that, among all reported fluorometric determinations to date, the preparation of the sensors involves, in general, cancerous or hazardous compounds, − transition metals, ,− and either their MOFs, quantum dots, or composites ,,,− and requires sophisticated multistep processes ,,,,− and even high-cost rare-earth materials. ,…”

“…However, the broad use of these antibiotics has led to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, making them persistent organic contaminants, and the chronic environmental risk of their exposure has been gaining more attention. − Therefore, their monitoring and detection have been in high demand, and different techniques have been developed to this end, including, for example, classical spectrophotometry, electrochemical analysis, − HPLC, , molecular imprinted polymers (MIP), ,− capillary electrophoresis analysis, etc. − Abreast with these methodologies, chemiluminometry, or simply fluorometry, has been also developed and is gaining more and more importance − owing to the easy operation and high reliability of the advanced instruments. Nevertheless, it should be noted that, among all reported fluorometric determinations to date, the preparation of the sensors involves, in general, cancerous or hazardous compounds, − transition metals, ,− and either their MOFs, quantum dots, or composites ,,,− and requires sophisticated multistep processes ,,,,− and even high-cost rare-earth materials. , Regardless of these issues, a constant and rapid growth has been seen for monitoring and detection of tetracycline antibiotics since the last few decades.…”

Recent progress of carbon dot fluorescent probes for tetracycline detection

“…11,12 Owing to the extensive sources, low toxicity, superior photoluminescence and biocompatibility, CDs have received considerable attention and been widely applied in chemical sensing, photoelectric devices and especially fluorescent probes for drug detection since their discovery in 2004. 13 In addition, numerous hydrophilic groups (carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups) are distributed on the surface of the CDs and these functional groups provide the possibility for the CDs to combine with TCs. The construction of CD fluorescent probes is generally based on the fluorescence change generated by the effect between targets and CDs; there are mainly five mechanisms, namely, the inner filter effect (IFE), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) that have been employed for multiple detection and analysis.…”