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Defect engineering and interface engineering are two efficient approaches to promote the electrocatalytic performance of transition metal oxides (TMOs) by modulating the local electronic structure and inducing a synergistic effect but usually require costly and complicated processes. Herein, a facile electrochemical etching method is proposed for the controllable tailoring of the defects in a three-dimensional (3D) open nanonetcage CoZnRuO x heterostructure via the in situ electrochemical etching to remove partial ZnO. The highly open 3D nanostructures, numerous defects, and multicomponent heterointerfaces endow the CoZnRuO x nanonetcages with more accessible active sites, moderated local electronic structure, and strong synergistic effect, thereby enabling them to not only deliver an ultralow overpotential (244 mV @ 10 mA cm–2) for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but also high-performance overall water electrolysis by coupling with commercial Pt/C, with a potential of 1.52 V at 10 mA cm–2. Moreover, experiments and characterizations also reveal that the remaining Zn2+ can facilitate OH– adsorption and charge transfer, which also further improves the electrocatalytic OER performance. This work proposes a promising strategy for creating surface defects in heterostructured TMOs and provides insights to understand the defect- and interface-induced enhancement of OER electrocatalysis.

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Cyber-physical social system (CPSS) plays an important role in both the modern lifestyle and business areas, which significantly changes the way we interact with the world. The increasing influence of cyber systems and social networks is also a high risk for security threats. In this paper, we investigate the potential risks in social networks using a hybrid Bayesian risk graph (HBRG) model to analyse the temporal attack activity patterns in dynamic cyber-physical social networks. In this model, a hidden Markov Model (HMM) is proposed to model the dynamic influence of activities, which then be mapped into a Bayesian risk graphical (BRG) model that can evaluate the risk propagation in a layered risk architecture. Our numerical studies demonstrate that the framework can model and evaluate risks of user activity patterns that expose to cyber-physical social systems.

Infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) material with wide band gap is important in generating high-power laser for modern laser technologies. Herein, a wide band gap IR NLO material, Rb2CdSi4S10, was...

Photoelectrocatalytic nanomaterials are promising for direct alcohol fuel cells, but the construction of high-efficiency catalysts remains difficult. We herein successfully synthesized three-dimensional (3D) PdM nanosheet assemblies (PdM NSAs, M = Au, Ag, and Cu) through a seed-mediated growth method, which displayed a typical 3D nanoflower morphology assembled from many two-dimensional ultrathin nanosheets. Due to the open 3D structure and the synergistic and electronic effects between Pd and Ag, the optimized PdAg NSAs showed the highest mass activity (9378 mA mg–1) for the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction. More interestingly, when irradiated with visible light, the mass activity increased to 14 590 mA mg–1, 12.1 times higher than that of the commercial Pd/C (1205 mA mg–1). In addition, the as-obtained catalysts also showed better long-term durability than that of the commercial Pd/C under the condition of with or without visible-light illumination. This work highlights the utilization of light energy in designing excellent photoelectrocatalysts to promote the photoelectrocatalytic performance of anode catalysts for fuel cells.