Application of Air-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Some Fluoroquinolones in Milk Powder and Egg Samples: Comparison with Conventional Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction

Current developments of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals

“…This technique has ample recognition among researchers because of its ease of handling, economical nature, and convenience in most bioanalytical laboratories [ 33 ]. AALLME has been used to determine six fluoroquinolone compounds in milk powder and eggs [ 34 ], triazole pesticides (e.g., penconazole) in edible oils [ 35 ], warfarin in biological samples [ 36 ], therapeutic lectin [ 37 ], and multiclass pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit juice samples [ 38 ].…”

“…Table 1 [ 7 , 31 , [34] , [35] , [36] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [48] , [49] , [50] , 53 , 54 , 59 , 61 , 65 , 66 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 100 , 105 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 124 , 126 , [128] , [129] , [130] , [132] , [133] , [134] , [135] , [136] , 141 , 142 , 145 , 146 , 148 , [152] , [153] , [154] , [155] , 160 , 163 , 164 , 195 , 196 ] summarizes the sample preparation techniques and analytes extracted from biological matrices using sophisticated analytical techniques.…”

“… Sample preparation techniques Biological matrices Analytical techniques Major merits Compounds extracted Refs. SPE Ovaries, testes, liver, serum, urine, plasma UPLC-TOF/MS, LC-MS Rapid, automatic, and quantitative Ketamine, norketamine, venlafaxine, maleic acid, stiripentol, and retigabine [ 7 , 195 , 196 ] LLE Serum, urine, CSF, saliva, plasma, tissue GC-MS, LC-MS Simple, high recovery, and automatic Serum fatty, hormone, naproxen, metoclopramide, and ketamine [ 7 ] SPE/LLE Tear, aqueous humor, vitreous body HPLC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS Rapid and automatic via robotics technology Kinase inhibitor and metabolite [ 7 ] AALLME Biological fluids LC-MS/MS High extraction recovery, low solvent consumption, easy handling, and economical nature Fluoroquinolone, penconazole, and warfarin [ [34] , [35] , [36] ] HS-SPME Human urine, exhaled breath GC-TOF/MS Simple operation and cost effective Amines, amides, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, nitriles, terpenoids, cycloalkanes, and heterocyclic compounds [ 41 ] SDME Biological fluids LC-MS Simple, economical, ecofriendly, and no carryover Anesthetics, pyrethroid pesticides, ranitidine, ethanol, and chromium [ …”

Rapid and reliable detection and quantification of organophosphorus pesticides using SERS combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

“…27 In DLLME, the interfacial tension between the aqueous phase and organic phase is reduced by the dispersant, and the contact area is greatly increased; therefore, the target can enter into a small drop of the organic phase as much as possible. 28 In comparison with magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), DLLME has the advantages of a fast extraction process, less organic solvent consumption, simple operation, a high enrichment ratio and extraction efficiency, and it has been widely used in the separation and concentration of hydrophobic targets from liquid samples. 29,30 Compared with malathion, triazophos and parathion-methyl are more toxic and harmful to human health.…”

Optimization of Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Eleven Non-Anthocyanin Polyphenols in Commercial Blueberry Using the Multi-Objective Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Function Approach

“…This method has such advantages as less solvent consumption, simple operation, high enrichment factor and time-saving and so forth. In order to speed up the mass transfer process and shorten the equilibration time, some auxiliary emulsification methods such as vortex-assisted [ 14 ], ultrasound-assisted [ 16 ], microwave-assisted [ 17 ] and air-assisted [ 18 ] were also applied to improve the performance of DLLME.…”