Application of a quartz crystal microbalance to measure the mass concentration of combustion particle suspensions

Kaur, Kamaljeet; Mohammadpour, Raziye; Jaramillo, Isabel Cristina; Ghandehari, Hamidreza; Reilly, Christopher A.; Paine, Robert; Kelly, Kerry E.

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105445

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…2 ) and the former was experimentally verified by obtaining agreement between QCM-measured and reference mass within statistical uncertainties. On the other hand, it has recently been show that QCMs allow precise measurements for non-uniformly distributed nanoparticle mass, if the mass is deposited symmetrically in a very narrow region around the center of the quartz crystal [ 67 ]. In any case, occasional verification of the accuracy of the QCM using the fluorescein-based method presented here is recommended as quality control to avoid inadvertent measurement errors due to e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

et al. 2020

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Background Accurate knowledge of cell−/tissue-delivered dose plays a pivotal role in inhalation toxicology studies, since it is the key parameter for hazard assessment and translation of in vitro to in vivo dose-response. Traditionally, (nano-)particle toxicological studies with in vivo and in vitro models of the lung rely on in silio computational or off-line analytical methods for dosimetry. In contrast to traditional in vitro testing under submerged cell culture conditions, the more physiologic air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions offer the possibility for real-time dosimetry using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). However, it is unclear, if QCMs are sensitive enough for nanotoxicological studies. We investigated this issue for two commercially available VITROCELL®Cloud ALI exposure systems. Results Quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescein-spiked saline aerosol was used to determine detection limit, precision and accuracy of the QCMs implemented in a VITROCELL®Cloud 6 and Cloud 12 system for dose-controlled ALI aerosol-cell exposure experiments. Both QCMs performed linearly over the entire investigated dose range (200 to 12,000 ng/cm2) with an accuracy of 3.4% (Cloud 6) and 3.8% (Cloud 12). Their precision (repeatability) decreased from 2.5% for large doses (> 9500 ng/cm2) to values of 10% and even 25% for doses of 1000 ng/cm2 and 200 ng/cm2, respectively. Their lower detection limit was 170 ng/cm2 and 169 ng/cm2 for the Cloud 6 and Cloud 12, respectively. Dose-response measurements with (NM110) ZnO nanoparticles revealed an onset dose of 3.3 μg/cm2 (or 0.39 cm2/cm2) for both cell viability (WST-1) and cytotoxicity (LDH) of A549 lung epithelial cells. Conclusions The QCMs of the Cloud 6 and Cloud 12 systems show similar performance and are highly sensitive, accurate devices for (quasi-) real-time dosimetry of the cell-delivered particle dose in ALI cell exposure experiments, if operated according to manufacturer specifications. Comparison with in vitro onset doses from this and previously published ALI studies revealed that the detection limit of 170 ng/cm2 is sufficient for determination of toxicological onset doses for all particle types with low (e.g. polystyrene) or high mass-specific toxicity (e.g. ZnO and Ag) investigated here. Hence, in principle QCMs are suitable for in vitro nanotoxciological studies, but this should be investigated for each QCM and ALI exposure system under the specific exposure conditions as described in the present study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

et al. 2020

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“…In order to avoid the drawbacks of bulky and miniaturized instruments, QCM-based aerosol sensors have been developed, and they are considered an appropriate candidate for the measurement of mass concentration of PM [10], [11] because the resonant frequency shift is directly proportional to the mass stuck to the oscillating (electrode) region of a QCM. In addition, the QCM possesses high sensitivity, rapid response, low cost as well as portability for on-site measurements, and have been easily integrated into aerosol instruments for both mass concentration [9], [10], [12]- [19], and mass distribution [20]- [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of PM_2.5 Mass Concentration Using an Electrostatic Particle Concentrator-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance

et al. 2019

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Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most critical air pollutants, and various instruments have been developed to measure PM mass concentration. Of these, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based instruments have received much attention. However, these instruments are subject to significant drawbacks: particle bounce due to poor adhesion, need for frequent cleanings of the crystal electrode, and non-uniform distribution of collected particles. In this study, we present an electrostatic particle concentrator (EPC)-based QCM (qEPC) instrument capable of measuring the mass concentration of PM 2.5 (PM smaller than 2.5 µm), while avoiding the drawbacks. Experimental measurements showed high collection efficiencies (∼99% at 1.2 liters/min), highly uniform particle distributions for long sampling periods (up to 120 min at 50 µg/m 3 ), and high mass concentration sensitivity [0.068(Hz/min)/(µg/m 3 )]. The enhanced uniformity of particle deposition profiles and mass concentration sensitivity were made possible by the unique flow and electrical design of the qEPC instrument.

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“…Although the QCM technique works for tobacco smoke, some investigators allowed water and potentially volatiles to evaporate prior to a final measurement, which may affect measurement accuracy. 125 Given the criteria noted above, the QCM technique would not be expected to work well for ENDS aerosols as they are characterized by liquid droplets that are not rigid. Steiner et al, 59 Adamson et al, 49 and Keyser et al 51 have recently confirmed the limitations of the QCM technique using ENDS aerosols.…”

Section: Whole-aerosol Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sauerbrey 124 developed the QCM and had three criteria for valid measurements: (1) Deposited mass must be small compared with mass of quartz crystal; (2) deposited mass is rigid; and (3) mass is evenly distributed over the crystal surface. Although the QCM technique works for tobacco smoke, some investigators allowed water and potentially volatiles to evaporate prior to a final measurement, which may affect measurement accuracy 125 . Given the criteria noted above, the QCM technique would not be expected to work well for ENDS aerosols as they are characterized by liquid droplets that are not rigid.…”

Section: Characterization Of Delivered Dose To Cells and Analytical C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry

Miller-Holt¹,

Behrsing

Crooks

et al. 2022

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next‐generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled “Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations” and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.

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Application of a quartz crystal microbalance to measure the mass concentration of combustion particle suspensions

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

Measurement of PM_2.5 Mass Concentration Using an Electrostatic Particle Concentrator-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry

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Application of a quartz crystal microbalance to measure the mass concentration of combustion particle suspensions

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems

Measurement of PM2.5 Mass Concentration Using an Electrostatic Particle Concentrator-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry

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Measurement of PM_2.5 Mass Concentration Using an Electrostatic Particle Concentrator-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance