Application of a Portable Immunosensor To Detect the Explosives TNT and RDX in Groundwater Samples

Bart, John C.; Judd, Linda L.; Hoffman, Karen E.; Wilkins, and Angela M.; Kusterbeck, Anne W.

doi:10.1021/es960777l

Cited by 59 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The manufacture, processing, and packaging of TNT at ammunitions plants for several decades have resulted in high concentrations of contaminants in soil (168,199,257), and eventually this pollutant reaches the groundwater (18,169,206). A number of physicochemical treatments have been proposed, and some of them are in use (190).…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

419

287

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

419

287

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“…Soil samples underwent acetone extraction prior to analysis in the laboratory. Tables 1 and 2 show representative results from direct detection in groundwater and soil using the formats described above [10,25,30,31,32,35]. The groundwater and soil samples were from a diverse set of geological locations including those with high levels of humic material, trichloroethylene, and explosive breakdown products.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to 50 tests have been performed on a single support without resaturation with the fluorescent analog. [25,31,32]. Field testing at these sites provided the opportunity to evaluate the sensors with water from different geochemical areas and different platforms (monitoring wells and pump-and-treat facilities).…”

Section: Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-aerosol detection of explosives with a continuous flow immunosensor

Shriver‐Lake

Charles

Kusterbeck

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Contamination of groundwater, soil, and the marine environment by explosives is a global issue. Identification, characterization and remediation are all required for a site recognized as contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) or hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). For each step, a method to accurately measure the contaminant level is needed. This paper reviews some of the current methods with emphasis on a single biosensor developed in our laboratory. Current regulatory methods require samples to be sent off-site to a certified laboratory resulting in time delays up to a month. A continuous flow biosensor for detection of explosives has been developed and tested for the rapid field screening of environmental samples. The detection system is based on a displacement immunoassay in which monoclonal antibodies to (TNT) and RDX are immobilized on solid substrates, allowed to bind fluorescently labeled antigens, and then exposed to explosives in aqueous samples. Explosive compounds present in the sample displace proportional amounts of the fluorescent label, which can then be measured to determine the original TNT or RDX concentration. The system can accurately detect ppb to ppt levels of explosives in groundwater or seawater samples and in extracts of contaminated soil. The biosensor has applications in environmental monitoring at remediation sites or in the location of underwater unexploded ordnance.

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“…For nitroaromatic compounds, numerous systems were developed, including immunoassays and various immunosensors with different transducer principles (e.g., Bart et al, 1997;Buttner et al, 1997;Narang et al, 1997;Dosch et al, 1998;Heiss et al, 1999;Balkatcheva et al, 1999;Rabbany et al, 1998Rabbany et al, , 2000Green et al, 2002;Holt et al, 2002;Sapsford et al, 2002;Wilson et al, 2003aWilson et al, , 2003bShriver-Lake et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%