Application and Advances in Radiographic and Novel Technologies Used for Non-Intrusive Object Inspection

Abstract

Increase in trading and travelling flows has resulted in the need for non-intrusive object inspection and identification methods. Traditional techniques proved to be effective for decades; however, with the latest advances in technology, the intruder can implement more sophisticated methods to bypass inspection points control techniques. The present study provides an overview of the existing and developing techniques for non-intrusive inspection control, current research trends, and future challenges in the field. Both traditional and developing methods, techniques, and technologies were analyzed with the use of traditional and novel sensor types. Finally, it was concluded that the improvement of non-intrusive inspection experience could be gained with the additional use of novel types of sensors (such as biosensors) combined with traditional techniques (X-ray inspection).

The Use of Terrestrial and Maritime Autonomous Vehicles in Nonintrusive Object Inspection

“…However, such a system is impossible to imagine in crowded places as a passive nondisturbing scanning system. Thus, other techniques should be implemented, such as odor recognition, spectrography methods, ultrasonic and ultraviolet signal analysis, etc., as described in [ 1 ].…”

“…Thus, there is an urgent need to develop nonintrusive unobtrusive methods for passive surveillance to identify potential threats in crowded places or at public checkpoints. Besides traditional nonintrusive methods used at stationary checkpoints, as described in [ 1 ], with the advance in robotics, it has become possible to extend inspection systems’ equipment to mobile self-driven platforms. Such an approach is beneficial for maritime inspection and might be used for on-land purposes.…”

“…Such an approach is beneficial for maritime inspection and might be used for on-land purposes. Nonintrusive object inspection using self-driving vehicles could be active and passive [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. During the functional assessment, different types of control points are established, where people and their belongings should pass through security gates or could be inspected with traditional equipment, such as a manual metal detector, or be searched with the help of specially trained animals (dogs, rats) [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Tomographic Reconstruction: General Approach to Fast Back-Projection Algorithms

“…Despite over 80 years of development in computed tomography algorithms [12,13], the pursuit of innovation and optimization remains ongoing. This is driven by various factors, including the imperative to reduce radiation dose in medical applications [14,15], augment sensitivity in screening setups [16], and refine spatial resolution in scientific [17], industrial [18], and medical [19,20] applications. Notably, CT has recently been harnessed for real-time imaging of dynamic processes [21,22].…”