Application and accuracy of smart technologies for measurements of roundwood: Evaluation of time consumption and efficiency

Borz, Stelian Alexandru; Proto, Andrea Rosario

doi:10.1016/j.compag.2022.106990

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…LiDAR technology has been increasingly used in the form of highly-accurate expensive equipment to detect and measure biometrical characteristics of the individual trees, although several challenges related to the protocols to be used and to the diversity in forest conditions still remain [23,33], in addition to its high costs. Most likely, lower costs, equipment compactness, large-scale availability, and polyfunctionality, have led scholars to testing small-sized alternatives in tree [21,26,34,35] and log measurement [36]. Only some limited research has documented the accuracy of equipment capable of instantly provide the measurement results (e.g., [26]), and there is a lack of studies on the applicability and accuracy of close-range compact solutions to log measurement [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most likely, lower costs, equipment compactness, large-scale availability, and polyfunctionality, have led scholars to testing small-sized alternatives in tree [21,26,34,35] and log measurement [36]. Only some limited research has documented the accuracy of equipment capable of instantly provide the measurement results (e.g., [26]), and there is a lack of studies on the applicability and accuracy of close-range compact solutions to log measurement [36]. As a fact, most of the tested platforms still require more or less complicated workflows to process the data before producing the biometric estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also gives the possibility of saving the measurements and, more importantly, its use does not require direct contact with the logs, therefore it can contribute to safety enhancements. Compared to other apps and platforms such as those able to collect point clouds [22,24,[36][37][38], the tested solution still shares some limitations in terms of data transfer, wood traceability, and transparency in the wood supply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Potential of Measure App in Estimating Log Biometrics: A Comparison with Conventional Log Measurement

Borz

Toaza

Forkuo

et al. 2022

Forests

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Wood measurement is an important process in the wood supply chain, which requires advanced solutions to cope with the current challenges. Several general-utility measurement options have become available by the developments in LiDAR or similar-capability sensors and Augmented Reality. This study tests the accuracy of the Measure App developed by Apple, running by integration into Augmented Reality and LiDAR technologies, in estimating the main biometrics of the logs. In a first experiment (E1), an iPhone 12 Pro Max running the Measure App was used to measure the diameter at one end and the length of 267 spruce logs by a free-eye measurement approach, then reference data was obtained by taking conventional measurements on the same logs. In a second experiment (E2), an iPhone 13 Pro Max equipped with the same features was used to measure the diameter at one end and the length of 200 spruce logs by a marking-guided approach, and the reference data was obtained similar to E1. The data were compared by a Bland and Altman analysis which was complemented by the estimation of the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). In E1, nearly 86% of phone-based log diameter measurements were within ±1 cm compared to the reference data, of which 37% represented a perfect match. Of the phone-based log length measurements, 94% were within ±5 cm compared to the reference data, of which approximately 22% represented a perfect match. MAE, RMSE, and NRMSE of the log diameter and length were of 0.68, 0.96, and 0.02 cm, and of 1.81, 2.55, and 0.10 cm, respectively. Results from E2 were better, with 95% of the phone-based log diameter agreeing within ±1 cm, of which 44% represented a perfect match. As well, 99% of the phone-based length measurements were within ±5 cm, of which approximately 27% were a perfect match. MAE, RMSE, and NRMSE of the log diameter and length were of 0.65, 0.92, and 0.03 cm, and 1.46, 1.93, and 0.04 cm, respectively. The results indicated a high potential of replacing the conventional measurements for non-piled logs of ca. 3 m in length, but the applicability of phone-based measurement could be readily extended to log-end diameter measurement of the piled wood. Further studies could check if the accuracy of measurements would be enhanced by larger samples and if the approach has good replicability. Finding a balance between capability and measurement accuracy by extending the study to longer log lengths, different species and operating conditions would be important to characterize the technical limitations of the tested method.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential of Measure App in Estimating Log Biometrics: A Comparison with Conventional Log Measurement

Borz

Toaza

Forkuo

et al. 2022

Forests

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For instance, keeping the distances of maneuvering and entryexiting close to those of this study, a shift of 0.1 m 3 in the mean load size would lead to increasing the productivity by 1.4, 0.9, and 0.5 m 3 /h at extraction distances of 100, 217 and 500 m, respectively. While there were no feasible solutions to estimate the volume of the stems at the time of collecting the data, such solutions, including digital ones, are currently being researched [4,7], and they will most probably lead to better methods of estimation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Productivity in Extraction Operations by Simulations Based on GNSS Documented Data: An Example from Skidding Teak Wood In Thailand

Kaakkurivaara

Ketkaew

et al. 2022

FWIAFE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In Thailand, teak harvesting always includes skidding of tree-length stems from the landing to the log yard for further processing. When terrain does not set limitations for the machines to be used, skidding is carried out by farm tractors. In this study, data was collected from 10 work cycles of teak extraction to simulate the productivity of farm tractors. The GNSS data as speed and locations were used to extract operational distances and time consumption, as well as to support productivity simulation. For this, detailed measurements were done on the extracted stems to collect their diameters and lengths. For approximately six stems per load, the mean load size was 1.723 m3. The study found that mean productivity was 17.4 m3/h during the survey, where the mean extraction distance was 217 m. Our simulation presents productivity diagrams in relation to skidding distance. By simulation, we detected that reducing the full operational speed by 1 km/h would decrease productivity by 1 m3/h when the extraction distance is less than 100 m. Another observation was that even small reductions in load sizes have a remarkable effect on productivity over short distances. Until large-scale studies are to be done to evaluate productivity in relation to variations in load size and extraction distance, the results shown herein could stand as a basis for productivity assessments.

show abstract

“…Recent publications have shown methods to estimate the volume of logs of industrial wood with high accuracy using handheld laser scanning and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology (De Miguel-Díez et al 2021b, 2022c. Moreover, further methods have been developed using such devices and technology to estimate the gross stack volume (Borz and Proto 2022;Purfürst et al 2022). The combined application of these developed and tested methods could also lead to the estimation of reliable conversion factors considering the successfully proven high accuracy of these developed methods.…”

Section: Application Of Handheld Laser Scanning and Simultaneous Loca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of conversion factors for wood stacks in landings and their influencing parameters: a comprehensive literature review for America and Europe

Miguel-Díez¹,

Purfürst²,

Acuña³

et al. 2023

Silva Fenn

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In commercial transaction of stacked roundwood, the estimation of the stack net volume plays a key role. One generalized method to determine the net volume is using conversion factors that relate the gross and net volumes. In this literature review the developed methods to estimate the conversion factors as well as their influencing parameters were analyzed based on 153 references from America and Europe. According to the results, 48 different methods (including their variants) for estimating the conversion factors were developed. The newest methods enabled their accurate determination inexpensively, e.g., photo-optical methods or 3D simulation models. The analyzed references revealed that 30 parameters influence the conversion factors. Based on this comprehensive review, each stakeholder involved in the roundwood supply chain can know which method is used for estimating the conversion factors in the analyzed territories and which influencing parameters should be considered when purchasing roundwood in order to accurately assess the solid wood content in the stacks.

show abstract

Application and accuracy of smart technologies for measurements of roundwood: Evaluation of time consumption and efficiency

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Potential of Measure App in Estimating Log Biometrics: A Comparison with Conventional Log Measurement

Potential of Measure App in Estimating Log Biometrics: A Comparison with Conventional Log Measurement

Modelling Productivity in Extraction Operations by Simulations Based on GNSS Documented Data: An Example from Skidding Teak Wood In Thailand

Estimation of conversion factors for wood stacks in landings and their influencing parameters: a comprehensive literature review for America and Europe

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About