Applicability of photonic sintering and autoclaving as alternative contact formation methods for silicon solar cells with passivating contacts

Schube, Jörg; Fellmeth, Tobias; Maier, Florian; Keding, Roman; Clement, Florian; Glunz, Stefan W.

doi:10.1063/1.5049282

Cited by 8 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Resistance changings were recorded for 13 min using the digital bench-top multimeter Hewlett-Packard 34401a controlled through a GPIB-USB cable by a custom-made LabVIEW Virtual Instruments interface. Table 3 shows these measurements in terms of ratio between the sample resistance (R) measured at 35,45,55,65, and 80% RH versus the sample resistance at the starting relative humidity point (R 35 ). As expected, no significant resistance variation was registered during this test.…”

Section: Electrical Stability In Damp Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantages are remarkable: the heat treatment takes place in milliseconds, producing minimal damage to low-temperature substrates and avoiding unwanted processes (diffusion) [42]. FLA was employed in different kind of applications ranging from thin-film transistors [44], solar cells [45], antennas [46], RFID components [47,48] to wearable devices [49], using conductive, bioresorbable or ceramic inks (silicon, silver, zinc) on different kind of substrates (wood, cardboard, textiles, glass, polymers) [50,51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing

Serpelloni

Cantù

Borghetti

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Printed electronics is an expanding research field that can reach the goal of reducing the environmental impact on electronics exploiting renewable and biodegradable materials, like paper. In our work, we designed and tested a new method for fabricating hybrid smart devices on cellulose substrates by aerosol jet printing (AJP) and photonic curing, also known as flash lamp annealing (FLA), capable to cure low temperature materials without any damage. Three different cellulose-based materials (chromatographic paper, photopaper, cardboard) were tested. Multilayer capability and SMDs (surface mount devices) interconnections are possible permitting high flexibility in the fabrication process. Electrical and geometrical tests were performed to analyze the behavior of printed samples. Resulted resistivities are 26.3 × 10−8 Ω⋅m on chromatographic paper, 22.3 × 10−8 Ω⋅m on photopaper and 13.1 × 10−8 Ω⋅m on cardboard. Profilometer and optical microscope evaluations were performed to state deposition quality and penetration of the ink in cellulose materials (thicknesses equal to 24.9, 28.5, and 51 μm respectively for chromatographic paper, photopaper, and cardboard). Furthermore, bending (only chromatographic paper did not reach the break-up) and damp environment tests (no significant variations in resistance) where performed. A final prototype of a complete functioning multilayer smart devices on cellulose 3D-substrate is shown, characterized by multilayers, capacitive sensors, SMDs interconnections.

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Section: Electrical Stability In Damp Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing

Serpelloni

Cantù

Borghetti

et al. 2020

Sensors

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show abstract

“…[9,10] On R&D level, different printing techniques are under investigation to apply particle-based suspensions as electrically conductive contacts on solar cells. [5,[11][12][13][14][15] In previous studies, the potential of parallel dispensing technique has been demonstrated for hightemperature curing pastes as well as for low-temperature curing pastes. [5,16,17] During the dispensing process, a highly filled suspension is forced through nanometer-sized nozzles and filament threads or rather paste threads occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complexity of dispensing processes. This overview illustrates different influencing factors on printed electrodes and their functionality [9,10,14,16,64,65] classified into six categories -I) printing pastes and their compositions, [13,23,[25][26][27]33,34,37,49,50,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] II) substrates, III) print heads, [18][19][20][21][22][23]77] IV) nozzles, [15,18] V) printing machines, and VI) process parameters. [23,25,78] The list of influencing factors is created based on some articles and the authors' hands-on laboratory experiences and may be incomplete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paste Development for an Optimized Filament Stretching Effect during Parallel Dispensing on Transparent Conductive Oxide Layers for Solar Cell Metallization

Gensowski,

Palme,

Langhof

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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The availability of silver as an electrically conductive filler material in printing pastes for solar cell metallization is becoming a more crucial issue for multiterawatt‐scale production due to its global constraints. Therefore, the silver consumption for solar cell production needs to be reduced drastically by substituting silver with alternative conductive filler materials or utilizing process‐specific phenomena. The phenomenon of filament stretching during microextrusion allows significantly lower paste laydowns. The magnitude of filament stretching is paste‐dependent and therefore further knowledge of the pastes’ impact to the filament stretching is required. This study presents nine low‐temperature curing pastes differing in the particle system and binder resin. The rheological and thermal behavior of these suspensions are investigated and printing tests onto silicon heterojunction (SHJ) precursors are carried out. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐based microstructure analyses of printed electrodes are performed. Based on these experimental results, the impact of paste compositions regarding the paste behavior during microextrusion and the SHJ solar cell performances are analyzed. The developed paste formulations exhibit a strong filament stretching, leading to a reduced silver laydown of down to ΔmAg = −60%rel. and an absolute efficiency gain of up to Δη = +0.75%abs. due to less shading losses.

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“…4,5 The SHJ approach only allows low-temperature processes of up to T c < 250 C to form the contact between printed electrodes and the TCO layer to avoid degradation of the amorphous silicon layer. 3,6,7 Mainly curing temperatures in the range of T c ≈ 200 C are reported for printed electrodes. [8][9][10][11] Pastes with such curing conditions on SHJ solar cells are usually called low-temperature curing pastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing conditions for low‐resistivity contacts on transparent conductive oxide layers for different solar cell applications

Gensowski,

Freund,

Much

et al. 2023

Progress in Photovoltaics

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The Cu (ln1‐xGax)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell technology is a potentially high‐efficient approach with unique properties compared with silicon photovoltaic, like flexible lightweight substrates and different colored designs. So far, the full potential of the transparent conductive oxide layers has not been exploited yet as no front contacts are applied, resulting in significant losses from the cell‐to‐module level. In this study, Ag front contacts are applied by parallel dispensing onto indium tin oxide layers of silicon heterojunction substrates and CIGS substrates. Subsequently, a thermally curing process is carried out to form the conductive contacts. The curing conditions are varied between 200°C ≥ Tc ≥ 100°C combined with 20 min ≥ tc ≥ 1.5 min. The study aims to determine the curing parameters enabling low‐resistivity contacts by using low‐temperature curing Ag paste and ultralow‐temperature curing Ag paste. The lateral electrode resistance and the contact resistivity of printed electrodes are measured. The results of simultaneous thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (pastes) and microstructure analysis of printed electrodes are used to explain the electrical parameters of the printed electrodes. In general, higher curing temperatures and longer curing durations encourage the sintering and densification process of the applied electrodes resulting in low‐resistivity contacts. Contact resistivities below ρc,TLM < 5 mΩ·cm2 and lateral electrode resistance of Rlateral ≥ 17 Ω m−1 are obtained for different paste systems. However, optimal curing conditions of low‐temperature curing pastes can cause thermal damage to the CIGS device. Therefore, ultralow‐temperature curing pastes seem to be promising candidates for front contact metallization of CIGS substrates.

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Applicability of photonic sintering and autoclaving as alternative contact formation methods for silicon solar cells with passivating contacts

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing

Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing

Paste Development for an Optimized Filament Stretching Effect during Parallel Dispensing on Transparent Conductive Oxide Layers for Solar Cell Metallization

Curing conditions for low‐resistivity contacts on transparent conductive oxide layers for different solar cell applications

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