Appetite-enhancing effects of inhaling cinnamon, clove, and fennel essential oils containing phenylpropanoid analogues

Tran

et al. 2023

IJMS

Appetite dysregulation is one of the factors contributing to anorexia, bulimia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes. Essential oils or fragrant compounds have been proven to regulate food intake and energy expenditure; hence, this study aimed to summarize their effects on appetite and the underlying mechanisms. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until July 2022. Only two of the 41 studies were performed clinically, and the remaining 39 used animal models. Oral administration was the most common route, and a dosage range of 100–2000 mg/kg for mice or 2–32 mg/kg for rats was applied, with a duration of 12 days to 4 weeks, followed by inhalation (10−6–10−3 mg/cage or 10−9–10−2 mg/cm3 within 1 h). Approximately 11 essential oil samples and 22 fragrant compounds were found to increase appetite, while 12 essential oils and seven compounds decreased appetite. These fragrant components can exert appetite-regulating effects via leptin resistance, the activity of sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves, or the mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. Fragrance memory and cognitive processes may also play roles in appetite regulation. The findings of this study accentuate the potential of essential oils and fragrant compounds to regulate appetite and eating disorders.

Section: Essential Oils and Fragrant Compounds With Appetite-enhancin...mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Essential Oils and Fragrant Compounds With No Effect On Appe...mentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of Essential Oils and Fragrant Compounds on Appetite: A Systematic Review

Tran

et al. 2023

IJMS

“…It agreed with the previous study that combining thymol and cinnamaldehyde led to a significant increase in ADG and ADFI in weaning piglets [ 39 ]. A possible explanation for the increased ADFI might be related to the pleasant odor and flavor of EOs, which contributed to improved appetite [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of an Essential Oil Blend on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Microbiota in Early-Weaned Piglets

Shao

Peng²,

et al. 2023

Nutrients

Essential oils (EO) are promising feed additives for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing abilities with low toxicity. Carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are commonly used to synthesize EO. However, few studies focus on combining these three EO in early-weaned piglets. In the present study, 24 piglets weaned at 21 d of age were randomly divided into 2 groups (6 replicate pens per group, 2 piglets per pen). The piglets were fed a basal diet (the control group) and a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg EO (a blend consisting of carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde, the EO group) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, one piglet per pen was randomly chosen to be sacrificed. Growth performance, hematology, plasma biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, intestinal epithelial development and immunity, colonic volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbiota were determined. The results indicated that the diet supplemented with EO significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI, p < 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.05) in the day 0 to 28 period. EO supplementation led to a significant decrease in plasma lysozyme (p < 0.05) and cortisol levels (p < 0.01). Additionally, EO significantly promoted jejunal goblet cells in the villus, jejunal mucosa ZO-1 mRNA expression, ileal villus height, and ileal villus height/crypt depth ratio in piglets (p < 0.05). The ileal mucosal TLR4 and NFκB p-p65/p65 protein expression were significantly inhibited in the EO group (p < 0.05). Colonic digesta microbiota analysis revealed that bacteria involving the Erysipelotrichaceae family, Holdemanella genus, Phascolarctobacterium genus, and Vibrio genus were enriched in the EO group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the EO blend improves ADG and ADFI in the day 0 to 28 period, as well as intestinal epithelial development and intestinal immunity in early-weaned piglets, which provides a theoretical basis for the combined use of EO in weaned piglets.

“…This difference, with the findings of the present study, suggests that the observed effect of cinnamon on appetite may be due to the mode of contact with cinnamon (ingestion and/or inhalation) and the amount ingested. An increase in appetite has already been observed after inhaling cinnamon essential oils [28]. Studies indicate that the phytochemicals present in cinnamon can induce an increase in the production of ghrelin, a hormone related to increased appetite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinnamon Infusion Reduces Satiety and Increases Energy Intake: A Randomized Crossover Trial

et al. 2022

Background/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the intake of a single dose of cinnamon infusion on energy metabolism, appetite responses and food intake in healthy individuals. Methods: This was an open randomized crossover clinical trial, with a minimum washout of seven days, which was conducted in which two standardized breakfasts were served randomly: one with cinnamon infusion (2g, Cinnamomum sp.) And one with water (control). The study included 21 healthy volunteers. Energy expenditure (EE), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), respiratory quotient (RQ), substrate oxidation and appetite responses were evaluated, as well as prospective food intake. Results: Ingestion of cinnamon infusion did not alter EE, DIT, RQ or substrate oxidation. The incremental area under the curve for hunger, satiety and desire to eat did not differ between the treatment with cinnamon infusion and water, however, there was a reduction in the feeling of satiety (p=0.021) compared to the control treatment. The energy consumption of the first meal after treatment was higher (p=0.05) in the treatment with cinnamon infusion than in the control treatment. Regarding macronutrients or food intake throughout the day, there was no difference between treatments. Conclusions: Although it did not affect energy metabolism, consuming a single dose of cinnamon infusion promoted less feeling of satiety and increased energy intake in the first meal after treatment. The study protocol was registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry Platform (RBR-5ftg3z).