Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients in Thirteen Animal‐Based Feedstuffs by the Orange‐spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides

Abstract

In this study, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of 13 animal-based feedstuffs were determined for a common aquaculture fish, the Orange-spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides. The feedstuffs included five kinds of fish meal (white fish meal [WFM]; low-temperature-steam-dried brown fish meal [LTSBFM]; domestic flame-dried fish meal; imported flame-dried fish meal; miscellaneous fish meal [MFM]), two kinds of blood meal (spray-dried hemoglobin meal; dried-blood meal [DBM]), and six kinds of animal by-product meal (chicken meal; meat and bone meal; pork meat meal; fermented feather meal [FFM]; hydrolyzed feather meal [HFM]; shrimp meal). Experimental diets were composed of reference diet at 699 g/kg, yttrium oxide at 1 g/kg (as a tracer), and each tested feedstuff at 300 g/ kg. The ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, phosphorus, and amino acids were determined for each experimental diet by the fecal sedimentation method. Overall, the ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids had ranges of 61. 39-76.72, 72.23-91.96, 60.75-91.56, 45.20-88.45, 39.61-76.20, and 70.39-96.71%, respectively. The protein ADCs of the WFM (91.96%) and LTSBFM (91.28%) diets were significantly higher than those of the other feeds. The protein ADCs of the remaining tested diets were over 80%,

Technologies for the Rational Use of Animal Waste: A Review

“…Heads, skin, trimmings, fins, scales, entrails, and bones of fish [64] Animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, diet foods (chitosan), food packaging (chitosan), cosmetics (collagen), and soil fertilizers [64] Crustacean shells [64] Animal feed, fertilizers, and for the removal of organic compounds from anionic metal compounds and heavy metal ions [65] By-products of crab production [64] Fish meal substitute [66] Charru mussel, maçunim and oyster shell meals [67] Source of calcium in the diet of European quails [67] Processed chicken feathers (autoclaved with 0.5% NaOH) The component in 2 mm granular granules intended for feeding fish [68] Chicken fat Feedstock for biodiesel production [69] Bird meal Biochar and bio-oil for use as heating and transport fuel [70] Poultry slaughter waste A ruminant feed with huge potential as cleaner animal feed for pollution prevention [71]; conversion to biogas by anaerobic digestion [72] Bird droppings Biochar and bio-oil for use as heating and transport fuel [70]. Raw material for fertilizer [73] Broiler litter Feed for male deer [74] Bones of farm animals, bone food residues Feed elements for creating diets for feeding pigs [75], glue [76] Blood of farm animals Feed blood meal [77] Remains of bird feathers Hydrolyzed feather meal [HFM] [77], bio-based glue [78] Keratin waste from chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys (feathers, hair), goats, and sheep (wool, hooves, horns, nails) Animal feed, fertilizers [79] Egg shells, classified as waste by the food industry [79,80] In the production of compound feed, in fish farming and feed for target animals, in the production of biochar [81], raw materials for growing Lingzhi mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum) [82] The fishing industry is central to the economy for several countries in the world. More than 60% of fish and shellfish by-products are used as waste, including bones, trimmings, head, fins, skin, scales, and innards, while less than 40% of fish products are used for human consumption [66].…”

“…These types of animal waste contain various types of minerals [64]. It should be noted that feed elements are most often chosen to create the lowest-cost pig-feeding diets [77,78].…”

“…Bones of agricultural animals, bone food remains [76]. Eggshell [84][85][86] Broiler feed [83] Meat and bone meal [77] Heads, skin, trimmings, fins, scales, viscera, and bones of fish [64]; poultry slaughter waste When compiling a diet for poultry [84] Blood meal (dry hemoglobin meal, dried blood meal [DBM]) [77] Blood of farm animals [77] Fish food [85] Fish feal [77] Heads, skin, trimmings, fins, scales, entrails, and bones of fish [64] When compiling the diet for poultry [84], in the diet of pigs [64] Shrimp meal [64,77] Dried shrimp production waste; consists of heads, appendages, and exoskeletons [64] Broiler feed [64] Chicken meal [77] (poultry meal) By-products from butchering chickens (poultry) [77] Broiler feed [78] Pork meat meal [77] Pig slaughter waste [77] Food for orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides [77] Fermented feather meal [FFM] [77] Remains of bird feathers [78] Broiler feed [78] Hydrolyzed feather meal [HFM] [77] Keratin waste from chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys (feathers, hair) [84] Food for fish, including Cobia Rachycentron canadum, northern snakehead Channa argus, and halibut Scophthalmus maximus [77] Feed for male deer [74] Broiler litter [73] Feed for male deer in the amount of up to 30% of broiler litter in the feed mixture [74] Feed additives are processed into pellets along with other feed ingredients [87,88] Cage laying litter, poultry litter…”