Technologies for the Rational Use of Animal Waste: A Review

Abstract

Animal waste can serve as a raw material source for feed preparation, and can also be used, after appropriate processing, as fuel, fertilizer, biogas, and other useful products. In addition, the practical use of these wastes eliminates their mandatory disposal. Recycling animal waste is a feature of the circular economy, leading to environmental sustainability. In this regard, we conducted a search and review of contemporary scientific publications from open sources, including publications and data from Internet portals, Web of Science, Scopus scientometric databases, websites of patent offices, libraries, and reading rooms. It has been found that animal by-products are desirable for use in combination with vegetable protein sources. The 15 most relevant types of animal waste and their use are indicated based on current scientific publications. Moreover, 13 types of feed of animal origin, along with their purposes and descriptions, are also identified. Current scientific publications and research on the processing of insects into feed; the use of bird droppings, meat, and bone and bone meal; and the processing of seafood waste, bird waste, and eggshells are reviewed. As a result, firstly, the most important types of technological equipment involved in animal waste processing technologies, particularly devices for drying, grinding, and mixing, are analyzed and discussed. Secondly, technologies for processing waste into useful products of animal origin are analyzed and discussed.

Impact elements of feed grinder: a review

“…The impact time of the working element on the particle of the crushed material is of great importance [13]. A typical example of impact phenomena is the impact of a crusher hammer on an egg shell or other feed raw material as a result of the preparation of feed flour [14]. Technologies based on the theory of impact are promising, as they allow to influence the object being processed with great effort [15].…”

Underused Marine Resources: Sudden Properties of Cod Skin Gelatin Gel

“…In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the production of gelatin from alternative sources, such as raw fish materials [7][8][9][10][11]. In addition to the well-known sociocultural and veterinary-sanitary aspects such as the current state of affairs, requirements for the rational utilization of waste from the fishing industry are the reasons for increased interest in fish gelatin study and applications [12][13][14][15]. The collagen molecule (tropocollagen) is a left-handed helix composed of three αchains linked by covalent bonds [16].…”

Development of a layer leveling technology that reduces the energy intensity of the processes of mixing and drying the fodder mass

“…In the preparation of fodder meal of animal origin, the main processes are grinding, mixing and drying of fodder [2]. At the same time, grinding helps to obtain fodder meal of the required fraction, useful for consumption by animals and birds.…”