Apoptosis Triggered by ORF3 Proteins of the Circoviridae Family

Zhang, Yanting; Zhang, Xingcui; Cheng, Anchun; Wang, Mingshu; Yin, Zhongqiong; Huang, Juan; Jia, Renyong

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.609071

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…Together with inflammation, PCV3-induced apoptosis might also be central to the injury of cardiac, renal and vascular tissues in the infected pigs. ORF3 protein of the Circoviridae family could also induce apoptosis [23], however, functions of PCV3 ORF3 protein have not been fully characterized.…”

Section: Myocarditis Nephritis and Vasculitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3

2022

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Circoviruses are closed, circular, single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family Circoviridae and the genus Circovirus. To date, at least four porcine circoviruses (PCVs) have been recognized, including PCV1 to PCV4, respectively. Similar to PCV2 pathogenesis, PCV3 has been reported worldwide with myriad clinical and pathological presentations such as reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases, diarrhea etc. Current understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis is very limited since the majority of studies were mostly field observations. Interpretation of the results from such studies is not always simple. Various confounding factors affect the clinical appearance and pathological changes of the infected pigs. Recently, several experimental PCV3 infection studies have been reported, providing a better understanding of its pathogenesis. In this review, we focused on novel findings regarding PCV3 pathogenesis from both field observation and experimental infection studies. Possible factors involved in the conflicting results among the experimental infection studies are also discussed. This review article provides important insight into the current knowledge on PCV3 pathogenesis which would aid in prioritizing research in order to fill the knowledge gaps.

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Section: Myocarditis Nephritis and Vasculitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3

2022

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“…Its closest known relative is the ORF3 from PCV2 (GenBank YP_006355434.1) at 54% identity over 38% of protein. This protein found in PCV1 (204 amino acids) and PCV2 (104 amino acids) is believed to trigger apoptotic activity in infected cells [39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circovirus in Blood of a Febrile Horse with Hepatitis

Hui

Altan

Slovis

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Circoviruses infect vertebrates where they can result in a wide range of disease signs or in asymptomatic infections. Using viral metagenomics we analyzed a pool of five sera from four healthy and one sick horse. Sequences from parvovirus-H, equus anellovirus, and distantly related to mammalian circoviruses were recognized. PCR identified the circovirus reads as originating from a pregnant mare with fever and hepatitis. That horse’s serum was also positive by real time PCR for equine parvovirus H and negative for the flavivirus equine hepacivirus. The complete circular genome of equine circovirus 1 strain Charaf (EqCV1-Charaf) was completed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. EqCV1 replicase showed 73–74% identity to those of their closest relatives, pig circoviruses 1/2, and elk circovirus. The closest capsid proteins were from the same ungulate circoviruses with 62–63% identity. The overall nucleotide identity of 72% to its closest relative indicates that EqCV1 is a new species in the Circovirus genus, the first reported in genus Equus. Whether EqCV1 alone or in co-infections can result in disease and its prevalence in different equine populations will require further studies now facilitated using EqCV1′s genome sequence.

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“…The ORF1 and ORF2 encode two replicase (Rep and Rep’) and Cap, respectively. The ORF3 protein (also known as apoptin) can induce apoptosis and proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins [ 22 , 23 ], while the ORF4 protein plays a role in suppressing apoptosis, regulating lymphocytes, and restricting the ORF3 transcription [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In addition, the ORF5 protein can induce autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), unfolded protein response (UPR), and circumvent host immune surveillance, thus enhancing virus replication [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Genome Protein and Lifecycle Of Pcvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ORF3 protein of the Circoviridae , also named apoptin, can mediate apoptosis by interacting with several proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, resulting in depletion of B and CD4 T lymphocytes and destruction of the lymphoid organ [ 23 , 93 ]. ORF3-induced apoptosis also helps recruit macrophages to devour infected apoptotic cells, leading to the systemic spread of infection [ 93 ].…”

Section: Crosstalk Between Pcv and Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Crosstalk between Porcine Circoviruses and Host

Niu

Chen

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1 to PCV4, are non-enveloped DNA viruses with a diameter of about 20 nm, belonging to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. PCV2 is an important causative agent of porcine circovirus disease or porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD/PCVAD), which is highly prevalent in pigs and seriously affects the swine industry globally. Furthermore, PCV2 mainly causes subclinical symptoms and immunosuppression, and PCV3 and PCV4 were detected in healthy pigs, sick pigs, and other animals. Although the pathogenicity of PCV3 and PCV4 in the field is still controversial, the infection rates of PCV3 and PCV4 in pigs are increasing. Moreover, PCV3 and PCV4 rescued from infected clones were pathogenic in vivo. It is worth noting that the interaction between virus and host is crucial to the infection and pathogenicity of the virus. This review discusses the latest research progress on the molecular mechanism of PCVs–host interaction, which may provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.

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Apoptosis Triggered by ORF3 Proteins of the Circoviridae Family

Cited by 12 publications

References 113 publications

Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3

Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3

Circovirus in Blood of a Febrile Horse with Hepatitis

Advances in Crosstalk between Porcine Circoviruses and Host

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