Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of 30 studies including 5423 cases and 8197 controls

Anthopoulos, Promodoros; Hamodrakas, Stavros J.; Bagos, Pantelis G.

doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.03.008

Cited by 76 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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Section: Sirsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…It supports the finding that cholesterol is often a risk factor for prostate cancer but not for any other cancer [9]. It explains why those who develop type 2 diabetes mellitus have a reduced risk for prostate cancer [10]: the ApoE2 allele is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus [11], and those who have ApoE2 have a reduced prevalence of ApoE4 [12].Trying to evaluate the ApoE4 hypothesis, perhaps by looking at frequencies of various ApoE alleles of those diagnosed with prostate cancer, seems worthwhile. The literature contains one paper [13] that supports this…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

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The roles of ultraviolet-B irradiance, vitamin D, apolipoprotein E ε4, and diet in the risk of prostate cancer

Grant

2010

Cancer Causes Control

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There have been a number of papers investigating the riskmodifying factors for prostate cancer, with diet, ultraviolet-B (UVB), and genetics among the leading factors considered, but there is still no agreement on the relative contribution of these factors. For example, the paper by Barnett et al. [1] found no link in their recent study between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and prostate cancer incidence in older men during a mean 5.3-year followup period [1]. This finding agrees with those of other recent reviews [2][3][4]. However, studies looking at prostate cancer incidence with respect to personal UVB irradiance ([5] and Refs. 31-33 in [1]) offer some of the more convincing evidence for a role of UVB and vitamin D in reducing the risk of prostate cancer. These studies were based on earlylife and/or long-term UVB irradiance, and prostate cancer is a type of cancer that progresses very slowly. There is also good evidence that vitamin D improves survival for those diagnosed with prostate cancer (Refs. 34 and 35 in [1]). Thus, vitamin D appears to be important in reducing the risk of prostate cancer over many years, so measuring 25(OH)D levels shortly before diagnosis of prostate cancer may not provide an accurate indication of the overall effect of vitamin D on prostate cancer risk.Although ecological studies have reported inverse correlations between solar UVB and prostate cancer incidence and/or mortality rates (Refs. 2, 28-30 in [1]), UVB may not be the only factor affecting the geographic variations. An inspection of the prostate cancer mortality rate maps in the Atlas of Cancer Mortality Rates in the United States, 1950States, -1994 indicates that the mortality rates are dissimilar from those of well-known vitamin D-sensitive cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer [4]. The highest rates for prostate cancer are in the northwest and the lowest are in the southeast, whereas the highest rates for breast and colorectal cancer are in the northeast and the lowest are in the southwest. Analysis of the map of greatest ancestry by county in the United States [7] found high correlations for many of the high-resolution features in prostate cancer and ancestry maps. This finding suggested that ethnic background played an important role in prostate cancer risk, which could be due to a combination of dietary and genetic factors. This finding formed the basis for a multicountry ecological study in which the apolipoprotein E e4 (ApoE4) allele and per capita gross domestic product correlated directly with prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, and fraction of energy derived from cereals/grains correlated inversely [8]. Although this result is currently a hypothesis, it also explains several findings of prostate cancer epidemiology. It explains why black Americans, with nearly twice the ApoE4 allele prevalence of white Americans, have about twice the rate of prostate cancer [6]. It supports the finding that cholesterol is often a risk factor for prostate cancer but not for any other cancer...

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Section: Sirsupporting

confidence: 63%

supporting

confidence: 67%

The roles of ultraviolet-B irradiance, vitamin D, apolipoprotein E ε4, and diet in the risk of prostate cancer

Grant

2010

Cancer Causes Control

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“…In fact, both APOE 4 and 2 genetic variants, in association with serum lipids-lipoproteins level, were considered risk factors for developing coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients [91]. A recent meta-analysis of population-based case-control geneticassociation studies from 5423 T2DM patients and 8197 healthy unrelated controls relating APOE polymorphisms and T2DM showed the 2 allele of APOE is associated with a moderate increased risk for T2DM [92]. On the whole, genetic variants of APOE and APOC genes seem to affect the maintenance of vascular integrity, an important homeostatic process involved both in T2DM on complications in AD development and progression.…”

Section: Genetic Polymorphisms Associated With Risk Of Alzheimer's DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Association Studies: Is there a Genotype for Cognitive Decline in Older Persons with Type 2 Diabetes?

Abbatecola¹,

Olivieri²,

Corsonello³

et al. 2011

Current Pharmaceutical Design

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There is a dramatic increase in the number of elderly persons on a worldwide scale with an increase in chronic comorbidities, especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and dementia. Although cognitive faculties commonly deteriorate in non-diabetic persons as they age, several studies have concluded that diabetes is uniquely associated with cognitive decline and is associated with a two-fold risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Studies have also suggested that good glycemic has shown to improve cognitive status, however whether the use of specific anti-diabetic oral agents may play an additional role in controlling against cognitive deterioration is unknown. In addition, excitotoxicity from the overstimulation of glutamate receptors is considered a major cause of neuron death in AD and statins may be promising agents for protecting against memory loss. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms common to both T2DM and AD are glucose toxicity and a direct effect of insulin on amyloid metabolism. In fact, AD and T2DM have comparable pathological features in the islet and brain (amyloid derived from amyloid β protein (β-amyloid) in the brain in AD and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide in the pancreas in T2DM). Evidence is growing linking precursors of amyloid deposition in the brain and pancreas to the pathogenesis of AD and T2DM, respectively. Indeed, the need to identify agents capable of correcting such pathological features may in turn significantly protect against the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain, known to interfere with correct cognitive function. Cholesterol may also be directly involved in β-amyloid aggregation: abnormal oxidative metabolites such as cholesterol-derived aldehydes can modify β-amyloid, firstly promoting Schiff base formation, then accelerating the early stages of amyloidogenesis. At the moment, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have begun to elucidate the genetic architecture of chronic diseases including, T2DM and AD. Thus, one of the challenges for a successful GWAS in the future will be to identify a genotype in older persons with T2DM for good drug response, which in turn may protect against cognitive decline and AD. The literature has suggested that the use of insulin sensitizers and statins is correlated with a lower rate of cognitive decline in older persons. In this paper, we will explore recent findings regarding diverse single nucleotide polymorphisms from GWAS on T2DM, AD and both. We will also shed light on future pathways, as the basis of improving drug and diagnostics development for a better integration of genetic studies for precise drug-development focusing on the role of genetic variation in maintaining metabolic control and cognitive performance.

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“…The role of ApoE4 isoform in the formation of Aβ plaques and its importance as a risk factor for development of AD, have been often discussed (Messier 2003;Kim et al 2009;Schipper 2011). Since insulin resistance is known to be associated with metabolic dyslipidemia (Sijbrands et al 1994), ApoE isoforms with their functions in lipid metabolism could also play an important role in pathogenesis of T2D (Anthopoulos et al 2010). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes: the association study of polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and apolipoprotein E genes

et al. 2012

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Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of 30 studies including 5423 cases and 8197 controls

Cited by 76 publications

References 91 publications

The roles of ultraviolet-B irradiance, vitamin D, apolipoprotein E ε4, and diet in the risk of prostate cancer

The roles of ultraviolet-B irradiance, vitamin D, apolipoprotein E ε4, and diet in the risk of prostate cancer

Genome-Wide Association Studies: Is there a Genotype for Cognitive Decline in Older Persons with Type 2 Diabetes?

Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes: the association study of polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and apolipoprotein E genes

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