Apatite precipitation on a novel fast-setting calcium silicate cement containing fluoride

Abstract

Aim: Calcium silicate cements are widely used in endodontics. Novel fast-setting calcium silicate cement with fluoride (Protooth) has been developed for potential applications in teeth crowns including cavity lining and cementation. Objective: To evaluate the surface apatite-forming ability of Protooth compositions as a function of fluoride content and immersion time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Material and methods: Three cement compositions were tested: Protooth (3.5% fluoride and 10% radiocontrast), ultrafast Protooth (3.5% fluoride and 20% radiocontrast), and high fluoride Protooth (15% fluoride and 25% radiocontrast). Powders were cap-mixed with liquid, filled to the molds and immersed in PBS. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the precipitations morphology and composition after 1, 7, 28, and 56 days. Apatite/belite Raman peak height indicated the apatite thickness. Results: Spherical calcium phosphate precipitations with acicular crystallites were formed after 1-day immersion in PBS and Raman spectra disclosed the phosphate band at 965 cm−1, supporting the apatite formation over Protooth compositions. The apatite deposition continued and more voluminous precipitations were observed after 56 days over the surface of all cements. Raman bands suggested the formation of β-type carbonated apatite over Protooth compositions. High fluoride Protooth showed the most compact deposition with significantly higher apatite/belite ratio compared to Protooth and ultrafast Protooth after 28 and 56 days. Conclusions: Calcium phosphate precipitations (apatite) were formed over Protooth compositions after immersion in PBS with increasing apatite formation as a function of time. High fluoride Protooth exhibited thicker apatite deposition.

Calcium phosphate precipitation in experimental gaps between fluoride‐containing fast‐setting calcium silicate cement and dentin

“…Moreover, the calcium‐to‐phosphorous molar ratios demonstrated in the EDX analysis support the deposition of apatite precipitates . The apatite‐formation ability of the novel‐CSC when immersed in PBS has previously been reported .…”

“…The novel‐CSC possesses superior initial mechanical properties (diametral tensile strength) to MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA) and Biodentine (Septodont, St‐Maur‐des‐Fosses Cedex, France) , and the mechanical properties of the novel cement improve in humid conditions . The novel cement is able to induce superficial apatite formation after immersion in physiological‐like solutions . In a recent in vitro 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazolyl‐2)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the novel‐CSC did not exhibit potential cytotoxicity.…”

Bond strength between dentine and a novel fast‐setting calcium silicate cement with fluoride

“…To date, the fast setting time, improved mechanical properties , apatite‐forming or mineralizing ability , biocompatibility , acceptable clinical results , interfacial gap closure capability , and superior long‐term bonding to dentine, as observed in this study, support further testing on Protooth for potential applications in the tooth crown. Accordingly, Protooth may be a candidate for pulp protection, treatment of endodontic complications, caries sealing, and post or crown cementation.…”

<i>In vitro</i> cytotoxic evaluation of novel fast-setting calcium silicate cement compositions and dental materials using colorimetric methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay

“…Additionally, CSC contains fluoride additive, nanosilica, and radiocontrast material. The mechanical properties of CSC are significantly better than those of MTA and Biodentine, (14) and CSC supports superficial apatite precipitation in a physiological-like solution (15). The setting time of CSC (4 to 10 min) varies according to the optional consistency (from fluid to thick condensable) and allows the cement as a candidate material for practical application in tooth crowns, similar to Dycal, IRM, zinc phosphate cement, and GIC.…”