Apathy Secondary to Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Apathy is a disturbance of motivation, frequent in survivors of stroke. Several studies have evaluated the rate of apathy secondary to stroke and risk factors. Different conclusions and contradictory findings have been published. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies evaluating apathy secondary to stroke to better estimate its rate and risk factors, and explore associations with poorer outcomes. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsychINFO and PsycBITE databases and screened references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. Search results and data extraction was performed independently. We systematically reviewed available publications reporting investigations on ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke and apathy. Quality assessment of the studies was performed independently. Subgroup analyses were performed according to stroke phase (acute and post-acute), stroke past history (first-ever and any-stroke) and patient age (younger and older patients). Pooled odds ratios (OR) and standardized mean difference, and 95% confidence intervals (CI), were derived by random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed with I² test. Results: From the initial 1,399 publications, we included 19 studies (2,221 patients). The pooled rate of apathy was 36.3% (95% CI 30.3–42.8; I² = 46.8), which was similar for acute [39.5% (95% CI 28.9–51.1)] and post-acute phase [34.3% (95% CI 27.8–41.4)], and about three times higher than the rate of depression [12.1% (95% CI 8.2–17.3)]. Apathetic patients were on average 2.74 years older (95% CI 1.25–4.23; I² = 0%). No gender differences were found. Depression (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.41–3.72; I² = 44%) and cognitive impairment (OR 2.90; 95% CI 1.09–7.72; I² = 14%) were more frequent and severe in apathetic patients. Apathy rate was similar for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke type and for left- and right-sided hemispheric lesions. Clinical global outcome was similar between apathetic and nonapathetic patients. Conclusion: Apathy secondary to stroke is a more frequent neuropsychiatric disturbance than depression. Apathetic patients are more frequently and severely depressed and cognitively impaired. A negative impact of apathy secondary to stroke on clinical global outcome cannot be ascribed. Future research should properly address its predictor factors and evaluate the impact of apathy treatment options in stroke patients.

Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke

“…66 Apathy is more common in women, 65 in studies using clinician-ratings compared to self-ratings or informant-ratings, 65 and in recurrent strokes. 66 We identified three prospective studies (recruiting 408, 106 and 145 stroke patients), but methodological differences make direct comparisons difficult. The proportion whose apathy had remitted at follow-up ranged from 44% 67 to 67% 68 .…”

Physical Activity Level of Ambulatory Stroke Patients: Is it Related to Neuropsychological Factors?

“…Apathy, which is a common disturbance in stroke, is defined as a lack of motivation or interest in goal-directed activities. It is known to impair the functional level after stroke (10).…”

Effects of a behaviour management technique for nursing staff on behavioural problems after acquired brain injury

“…Scholten et al (2016) in a systematic review found that prevalence rates for depressive disorders after TBI are up to 21% to 57% after follow-up periods of on average 1.5 to 3 years. Apathy has been reported for 46% to 71% of adults with TBI and for 15% to 71% of adults with stroke (see for example Caeiro, Ferro, & Cosat, 2013;Lane-Brown & Tate, 2009;Van Reekum, Stuss, & Ostrander, 2005). Reported prevalence rates of behavioural and emotional problems after ABI vary.…”