Anxiety-like behaviour in adult rats perinatally exposed to maternal calorie restriction

The impact of early postnatal environmental enrichment on maternal care and offspring behaviour following weaning

“…In addition, some exposure time to enrichment would be required to exert any effect at all. A single observation period has also been used successfully in the past (Levay et al 2008). Although the present data on maternal behaviour are by and large in line with a previous study, that study looked only into the neuroendocrine but not behavioural effects of enrichment (Welberg, Thrivikraman, and Plotsky 2006).…”

Programming the brain: Common outcomes and gaps in knowledge from animal studies of IUGR

“…= [214] ↓4-23% [79,87,88,[93][94][95][96] = [201,215] ↓7-52% [91,92,[97][98][99][100][101]216] ↓9.5-14% [83,89] = [84] ↓[128, 129,131,146] ↓8-40% [99,112,114,115,160,203,217,218] ↓36-42% [145,162] ↓18-44% [102, 116-118, 163, 212] ↓42-48% [122,124,125] ↓17-28% [132,[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] Brain size = [214] ↓cerebrum, 11% [79] ↓11-66% [90,…”

“…Axonal density ↓ left hemispheric anxiety and memory pathways [117] Axonal degeneration + cingulate and somatosensory cortices, internal capsule, pontocerebellar tract [115] Microstructural reorganisation + [163] MYELINATION Cerebrum = [162] ↓ [117] Corpus callosum = [222] ↓ d60 [40] Cingulum ↓ d60 [112] Internal and external capsule = d60 [112] Astrogliosis Hippocampus ↑CA1 [113,115] Dentate gyrus ↑ [113,115] Entorhinal cortex ↑ [113,115] Cingulum ↑ [113,115] = [94] Fornix ↑ [113] Motor cortex = [115] Somatosensory cortex ↑ [115] Neonatal neurobehaviour = reflexes [79] ↓ righting reflex, d3-4 males, d3 females [87] ↓cliff avoidance, d7 females, d8, both sexes [87] ↓negative geotaxis, d7-8 males [87] = reflexes d10-21 [165] ↓surface righting, d2-9 ↓ negative geotaxis d 4-15 [129] ↓righting reflexes, locomotion, head turning and smell test scores as d1 neonates [116] Neuromotor ↓ grip strength adult males [165] ↓ motor learning, males [129] ↓motor learning, adults [222] Spatial learning = adult males [95] = adults [97,165] = adult males [167] ↓initial simple maze tests (lambs) [122] = extended simple maze testing, obstacle course tasks, tmaze tasks (lambs) [122] ↓initial simple maze tests (male lambs and young adults) [150] Revers...…”

“…Behavioural anxiety = male pups [79] =/↑ adult males [93,94] ↓ adults [98,216] ↑ reactivity to physical restraint and surprise, adults [84] ↑ adolescent females = adolescent males [131] ↑ adults [117] ↑ low birth weight female lambs [150] Spontaneous ambulation = adult males [94,95] ↑ females [165] ↑ in isolation tasks, adults [84] ↑ adults [113][114][115] ↓ adult males [160] ↓ Hyperactivity ↑ adult females [165] ↑adults [113][114][115] Exploratory behaviour ↑adult females [216] ↑adults [113][114][115] ↓ adults [117,163] Response to novelty ↓novelty seeking, adults [84] = adults [113] …”

“…Differing types of nutrient restriction have 156 been utilised, particularly in rats, with some restricting dietary protein, while others impose global nutrient restriction accounts in part for variable reductions in birth weight (Table 2). These range 159 from 4 to 34% in progeny of globally nutrient-restricted rats [79,87,88,[93][94][95][96], whilst more severe 160 restriction is seen in models of maternal protein restriction, with 7 to 52% reduction in birth weight 161 in progeny [91,92,[97][98][99][100][101]. The reported decrease in birth weight following the levels of maternal 162 nutrient restriction used in neurodevelopmental studies in sheep and rabbits is milder ranging from 163 9.5% to 17.5% [83,89,102,103].…”