“…There is evidence that fluent children as young as 3 years of age recognise stuttering in their peers and that they may evaluate stuttering negatively as early as 4 years of age (Ezrati-Vinacour & Levin, 2004). Conflicting and variable responses from fluent communication partners and negative communication experiences have also been reported in adults who stutter (Blood, Blood, Maloney, Meyer, & Qualls, 2007;Cooper & Cooper, 1996;Kraaimaat, Vanryckeghem, & Van Dam-Baggen, 2002;Miller & Watson, 1992). Adults who stutter have demonstrated significantly greater expectancy of social harm than those who do not stutter (Davis et al, 2007;Kraaimaat et al, 2002;Messenger et al, 2004) and concerns about publicly acknowledging and discussing stuttering have been reported in adolescents who stutter (Blood, Blood, Tellis, & Gabel, 2003;Hearne, Packman, Onslow, & Quine, 2008).…”