Anxiety, Expertise, and Visual Search Strategy in Karate

Williams, A. Mark; Elliott, David

doi:10.1123/jsep.21.4.362

Cited by 198 publications

(187 citation statements)

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“…The standard visual search behavior analysis used by other researchers (Williams & Elliott, 1999) revealed no between-group differences for the number of fixations per trial. These data contradict previous research showing that expert performers in relatively closed tasks tend to make fewer fixations when compared to novice players (Abernethy, 1990;Poliszczuk & Mosakowsk, 2009;Savelsbergh et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The video footage from the eye movement registration system was subjected to frame by frame analysis using Adobe Premier Pro Video Editing Software (Version CS 5, San Jose, USA). First, we conducted a standard visual search behavior analysis to enable comparison with previous research (e.g., Williams & Elliott, 1999). Four gaze behaviors were initially calculated: number of fixations, fixation location, fixation duration, and duration of final fixation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tPurpose: We examined links between the kinematics of an opponent's actions and the visual search behaviors of badminton players responding to those actions. Method: A kinematic analysis of international standard badminton players (n = 4) was undertaken as they completed a range of serves. Video of these players serving was used to create a life-size temporal occlusion test to measure anticipation responses. Expert (n = 8) and novice (n = 8) badminton players anticipated serve location while wearing an eye movement registration system. Results: During the execution phase of the opponent's movement, the kinematic analysis showed between-shot differences in distance traveled and peak acceleration at the shoulder, elbow, wrist and racket. Experts were more accurate at responding to the serves compared to novice players. Expert players fixated on the kinematic locations that were most discriminating between serve types more frequently and for a longer duration compared to novice players. Moreover, players were generally more accurate at responding to serves when they fixated vision upon the discriminating arm and racket kinematics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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“…Behan & Wilson, 2008;Nieuwenhuys, Pijpers, Oudejans, & Bakker, 2008;Wilson, Wood & Vine, 2009). An increase in anxiety has been reported to reduce the efficiency of gaze Anxiety & Performance 5 behavior in a multitude of perceptual-motor tasks (Janelle, 2002) as indexed by higher search rates, (Williams, Vickers, & Rodrigues, 2002), an inefficient use of the fovea (Williams & Elliott, 1999), and a shorter quiet eye (QE) duration (Behan & Wilson, 2008). The QE was defined by Vickers (1996) as the final fixation or tracking gaze that is located on a specific location or object in the visuo-motor workspace within 3° of visual angle for a minimum of 100ms.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Both earlier onset of this behavior and longer QE periods have been consistently reported in elite compared with sub-elite and successful compared to unsuccessful athletes in sports such as golf (Vickers, 2004), ice hockey (Panchuk & Vickers, 2006), rifle shooting (Janelle et al, 2000;Vickers & Williams, 2007), basketball (Harle & Vickers, 2001), and billiards (Williams et al, 2002a). There is evidence to suggest that anxietyinducing situations are likely to reduce QE duration as a result of less efficient processing, leading to more fixations of shorter duration (cf., Williams & Elliott, 1999). Vickers and Williams (2007) tested the gaze behaviors of elite biathlon shooters under high and low anxiety conditions after exercising at differing power output levels.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers.

Causer

Holmes

Smith

et al. 2011

Emotion

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We tested the predictions of Attentional Control Theory (ACT) by examining the effect of anxiety on attention control and the subsequent influence on both performance effectiveness and performance efficiency within a perceptual-motor context. A sample (N ϭ 16) of elite shotgun shooters was tested under counterbalanced low (practice) and high (competition) anxiety conditions. A head-mounted, corneal reflection system allowed point of gaze to be calculated in relation to the scene, while motion of the gun was evaluated using markers placed on the barrel which were captured by two stationary cameras and analyzed using optical tracking software. The quiet eye (QE) duration and onset were analyzed along with gun barrel displacement and variability; performance outcome scores (successful vs. unsuccessful) were also recorded. QE (Vickers, 1996) is defined as the final fixation or tracking gaze that is located on a specific location/object in the visual display for a minimum of 100 ms. Longer QE durations have been linked to successful performance in previous research involving aiming tasks. Participants demonstrated shorter quiet eye durations, and less efficient gun motion, along with a decreased performance outcome (fewer successful trials) under high compared with low anxiety conditions. The data support the predictions of ACT with anxiety disrupting control processes such that goal-directed attention was compromised, leading to a significant impairment in performance effectiveness.

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“…They argued that in dynamic "open sports" the coaches' opinions could be gleaned pre-and post training using behavioral assessment scales [13,14], while their validity could be substantiated using video analysis techniques [15]. Video analysis has already been used to measure anticipation skill in laboratory [16,17] providing advantageously natural perception of the scene when compared with static slides [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representativeness of Offensive Scenarios to Evaluate Perceptual- Cognitive Expertise of Soccer Players

Casanova¹,

Garganta

Oliveira³

et al. 2012

TOSSJ

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Abstract:In soccer, players have to carry out fast and accurate decisions in a complex and variable environment. The purpose of the present study was to set representative attacking sequences trials for further use in the research of perceptual-cognitive skills for playing soccer. Elite Portuguese soccer coaches (n = 4, UEFA-A) were presented with separate test film sequences encompassing structured attacking soccer actions to determine the representativeness of the scenarios. In the experiment 41 offensive clips were viewed by the coaches. Each clip has approximately 5 s long with an inter-trial interval of 5 s. To help the participants to the viewing process, just before the start of each clip a small circle surrounding the ball it is shown on screen to indicate the area of its first appearance. The order of presentation of video clips was counterbalanced and randomly determined, during both moments of evaluation. In all testing film sequences watched the representativeness of an attacking soccer phase was significantly concordant among the observers (W = 1, p < 0.05). The reliability between observers was statistically consistent (! = 0.889). And the reproducibility of the results between both moments of evaluation was very high (Z = 0; p = 1). The entire footage could be used in research that required knowing the tactical awareness of soccer players.

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Anxiety, Expertise, and Visual Search Strategy in Karate

Cited by 198 publications

References 0 publications

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers.

Representativeness of Offensive Scenarios to Evaluate Perceptual- Cognitive Expertise of Soccer Players

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