“…The affective features of psychopathy, according to the PCL-R, were a significant negative predictor for feelings of vulnerability in the events prior to the crime. Other studies show that shallow affect, lack of remorse, callousness and lack of empathy do not associate with self-conscious emotions, such as anxiety, shame or feeling vulnerable (Halty and Caperos, 2023; Kahn et al , 2017; Lanciano and Curci, 2021) although offenders may not have deficits in positive emotions (e.g. pleasure) given their reward-driven behaviour (Melo et al , 2023; Pujara et al , 2014).…”