“…Extensive analytical models, such as South-North, North-South, East-West and other "navigational approaches" have faced critical scrutiny from various scholars (Fiddian-Qasmiyeh & Carella, 2020;King et al, 2022King et al, , 2023Martin, 2008). Of particular concern is the explanatory capacity of the South-South migration concept, which typically encompasses intricate and diverse migration patterns within and between less developed nations commonly grouped under the "Global South" umbrella.…”