Anurans

Donkelaar, Hans J. ten

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18262-4_19

Cited by 60 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 864 publications

(1,151 reference statements)

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“…They observed the three distinct brain vesicles in the early neural tube at stage 20 of Nieuwkoop and Faber [1967]. In the same species, Ten Donkelaar [1998] also described that the three primary vesicles can be distinguished by stage 23 of Nieuwkoop and Faber [1967], based on anatomical flexures and constrictions. Thus, von Baer's model holds true for the anuran neural tube.…”

Section: Studies Using Classical Methods Of Morphologymentioning

confidence: 83%

The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three Primary Vesicles (Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain) Universal in Vertebrates

Ishikawa¹,

Yamamoto

Yoshimoto

et al. 2012

Brain Behav Evol

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It is widely held that three primary brain vesicles (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain vesicles) develop into five secondary brain vesicles in all vertebrates (von Baer’s scheme). We reviewed previous studies in various vertebrates to see if this currently accepted scheme of brain morphogenesis is a rule applicable to vertebrates in general. Classical morphological studies on lamprey, shark, zebrafish, frog, chick, Chinese hamster, and human embryos provide only partial evidence to support the existence of von Baer’s primary vesicles at early stages. Rather, they suggest that early brain morphogenesis is diverse among vertebrates. Gene expression and fate map studies on medaka, chick, and mouse embryos show that the fates of initial brain vesicles do not accord with von Baer’s scheme, at least in medaka and chick brains. The currently accepted von Baer’s scheme of brain morphogenesis, therefore, is not a universal rule throughout vertebrates. We propose here a developmental hourglass model as an alternative general rule: Brain morphogenesis is highly conserved at the five-brain vesicle stage but diverges more extensively at earlier and later stages. This hypothesis does not preclude the existence of deep similarities in molecular prepatterns at early stages.

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Section: Studies Using Classical Methods Of Morphologymentioning

confidence: 83%

The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three Primary Vesicles (Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain) Universal in Vertebrates

Ishikawa¹,

Yamamoto

Yoshimoto

et al. 2012

Brain Behav Evol

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“…These peptides comprised factors known to be involved in some way in feeding control in mammals, namely cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART; Douglass et al, 1995;Kuhar and Dall, 1999;Vrang et al, 1999), NPY (Stanley and Leibowitz, 1985) and metenkephalin (ENK; Gosnell and Lipton, 1986). In addition to the Mg, we studied the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), a main centre of NPY expression in the X. laevis brain (Tuinhof et al, 1994), the ventral hypothalamic area (VH), which is homologous with the mammalian arcuate nucleus, a main hypothalamic centre involved in the regulation of food intake (Johansen et al, 2000), the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which is the main site of Ucn1 expression in both amphibians and mammals (Bittencourt et al, 1999;Calle et al, 2005a;Kozicz et al, 1998;Skelton et al, 2000) and is involved in the stress response in mammals (Kórösi et al, 2005;Kozicz et al, 2004), and the ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM), which served as a negative control as it is not known to play a role in the control of feeding (ten Donkelaar, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis

Calle

Kozicz

Linden

et al. 2006

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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In mammals complex interactions between various brain structures and neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin 1 (Ucn1) underlay the control of feeding by the brain. Recently, in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, CRF-and Ucn1-immunoreactivities were shown in the hypothalamic magnocellular nucleus (Mg) and evidence was obtained for their involvement in food intake. To gain a better understanding of the brain structures controlling feeding in X. laevis, the eVects of 16 weeks starvation on neurones immunoreactive (ir) to Fos and neuropeptides in various brain structures were quantiWed. In the Mg, compared to controls, starved animals showed fewer neurones immunopositive for Fos (¡55.9%), Ucn1 (¡44.0%), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) (¡94.3%) and metenkephalin (ENK) (¡65.0%), whereas CRF-ir neurones were 2.1 times more numerous. These diVerences were mainly apparent in the ventral part of the Mg, followed by the medial and dorsal part of the nucleus. In the neural lobe of the pituitary gland a 22.5% lower optical density of CART-ir was observed. In the four other brain structures investigated, starvation had diVerent eVects. The dorsomedial part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus showed 5.9 times more NPY-ir cells and in the ventromedial thalamic area a lower number of NPY-ir cells (¡33.6%) was found, whereas the Edinger-Westphal nucleus contained fewer CART-ir cells (¡42.2%); no eVect of starvation was seen in the ventral hypothalamic nucleus. Our results support the hypothesis that in X. laevis, the Mg plays a pivotal role in feeding-related processes and, moreover, that starvation also has neuropeptide-and brain structure-speciWc eVects in other parts of the brain and in the pituitary gland, suggesting particular roles of these structures and their neuropeptides in physiological adaptation to starvation.

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“…stage 25, when no limbs are present (Duellman & Trueb, 1986;Donkelaar, 1998). In the control specimens, the ventricle areas of all encephalic vesicles showed mitoses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of water pollution on the proliferative activity in the developing frog brain

Guioli

Pisu

Roda

et al. 2004

Italian Journal of Zoology

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In the present research encephalons were considered from an early larval stage of the frog (Sana klepton esculentd). The animals were divided into two groups, i.e., control (CL) and contaminated (CT) frogs, on the basis of chemical analyses. Proliferating activity was evaluated in brain sections after immunoreaction with an anti-PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) antibody. The results showed the presence of many immunolabelled cell nuclei in the ventricular walls of the encephalic vesicles, but the patterns appeared changed in the CTs. Moreover, CT tadpoles had Trematoda larvae inside the brain ventricles. The findings showed that amphibian developing nervous tissue is vulnerable to environmental cytotoxic agents and confirmed that amphibians are excellent biomonitoring indicators of water.

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Anurans

Cited by 60 publications

References 864 publications

The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three Primary Vesicles (Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain) Universal in Vertebrates

The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three Primary Vesicles (Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain) Universal in Vertebrates

Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis

Effects of water pollution on the proliferative activity in the developing frog brain

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