Abstract:In mammals complex interactions between various brain structures and neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin 1 (Ucn1) underlay the control of feeding by the brain. Recently, in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, CRF-and Ucn1-immunoreactivities were shown in the hypothalamic magnocellular nucleus (Mg) and evidence was obtained for their involvement in food intake. To gain a better understanding of the brain structures controlling feeding in X. laevis, the eVects of 16 weeks starvatio… Show more
“…This hypothesis is further supported by the extensive distribution of the CARTp-immunoreactive fibers in the neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis, and the pars intermedia. CART mRNA has also been demonstrated in the goldfish hypothalamus and pituitary (Volkoff and Peter, 2001), and CARTp is present in the neural lobe of the frog hypophysis (Lázá r et al, 2004;Calle et al, 2006), and anterior lobe of the rat pituitary , emphasizing the importance of this peptide across different vertebrate groups in neuroendocrine regulation of the pituitary (Larsen et al, 2003;Smith et al, 2004Smith et al, , 2006.…”
Section: Granule Cells In the Cerebellummentioning
confidence: 98%
“…(Meek and Nieuwenhuys, 1988) The Journal of Comparative Neurology. DOI 10.1002/cne cellular neurons of the frog (Lázá r et al, 2004;Calle et al, 2006), and also in a few neurons of the homologous pv subdivision of the NPO of C. batrachus. As opposed to tetrapods, the median eminence is absent in the teleosts, and the neurosecretory fibers including those from the NPO directly terminate hypophysial cells (Peter et al, 1990).…”
Section: Granule Cells In the Cerebellummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite information on the anatomical organization of CARTp in the mammalian brain, the presence and organization of CARTp and its functional significance in the brain of lower vertebrates is limited. CARTpimmunoreactivity is extensively distributed in the brain of frog, Rana esculenta (Lázá r et al, 2004), and reduced in magnocellular neurons and the pituitary of Xenopus laevis following prolonged starvation (Calle et al, 2006). Two different forms of CARTp with a differential distribution were reported in the goldfish brain (Volkoff and Peter, 2001).…”
The organization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp, 54-102) immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus. CARTp-immunoreactivity was observed in several granule cells of the olfactory bulbs, in dot-like terminals around mitral cells, and in the fibers of the medial olfactory tracts. While several groups of discrete cells in the telencephalon showed CARTp-immunoreactivity, the immunostained fibers were widely distributed in the area dorsalis and ventralis telencephali. Immunoreactivity was seen in several periventricular and a few magnocellular neurons, and in a dense fiber network throughout the preoptic area. Varying degrees of immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periventricular region in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Some neurons in the nucleus preglomerulosus medialis and lateralis, central nucleus of the inferior lobes, nucleus lobobulbaris of the posterior tuberculum, and nucleus recessus posterioris showed distinct CARTp-immunoreactivity. Considerable immunoreactivity was seen in the optic tectum, rostral torus semicircularis, central pretectal area, and granule cells of the cerebellum. While only isolated immunoreactive cells were seen at three distinct sites in the metencephalon, a fiber network was seen in the facial and vagal lobes and periventricular and ventral regions of the medulla oblongata. The pattern of the CARTp distribution in the brain of C. batrachus suggests that it may play an important role in the processing of sensory information, the regulation of hormone secretion by hypophysial cell types, and motor and vegetative function. Finally, as in other animal species, CARTp seems to play a role in the processing of gustatory information.
“…This hypothesis is further supported by the extensive distribution of the CARTp-immunoreactive fibers in the neurohypophysis, proximal pars distalis, and the pars intermedia. CART mRNA has also been demonstrated in the goldfish hypothalamus and pituitary (Volkoff and Peter, 2001), and CARTp is present in the neural lobe of the frog hypophysis (Lázá r et al, 2004;Calle et al, 2006), and anterior lobe of the rat pituitary , emphasizing the importance of this peptide across different vertebrate groups in neuroendocrine regulation of the pituitary (Larsen et al, 2003;Smith et al, 2004Smith et al, , 2006.…”
Section: Granule Cells In the Cerebellummentioning
confidence: 98%
“…(Meek and Nieuwenhuys, 1988) The Journal of Comparative Neurology. DOI 10.1002/cne cellular neurons of the frog (Lázá r et al, 2004;Calle et al, 2006), and also in a few neurons of the homologous pv subdivision of the NPO of C. batrachus. As opposed to tetrapods, the median eminence is absent in the teleosts, and the neurosecretory fibers including those from the NPO directly terminate hypophysial cells (Peter et al, 1990).…”
Section: Granule Cells In the Cerebellummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite information on the anatomical organization of CARTp in the mammalian brain, the presence and organization of CARTp and its functional significance in the brain of lower vertebrates is limited. CARTpimmunoreactivity is extensively distributed in the brain of frog, Rana esculenta (Lázá r et al, 2004), and reduced in magnocellular neurons and the pituitary of Xenopus laevis following prolonged starvation (Calle et al, 2006). Two different forms of CARTp with a differential distribution were reported in the goldfish brain (Volkoff and Peter, 2001).…”
The organization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp, 54-102) immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus. CARTp-immunoreactivity was observed in several granule cells of the olfactory bulbs, in dot-like terminals around mitral cells, and in the fibers of the medial olfactory tracts. While several groups of discrete cells in the telencephalon showed CARTp-immunoreactivity, the immunostained fibers were widely distributed in the area dorsalis and ventralis telencephali. Immunoreactivity was seen in several periventricular and a few magnocellular neurons, and in a dense fiber network throughout the preoptic area. Varying degrees of immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periventricular region in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Some neurons in the nucleus preglomerulosus medialis and lateralis, central nucleus of the inferior lobes, nucleus lobobulbaris of the posterior tuberculum, and nucleus recessus posterioris showed distinct CARTp-immunoreactivity. Considerable immunoreactivity was seen in the optic tectum, rostral torus semicircularis, central pretectal area, and granule cells of the cerebellum. While only isolated immunoreactive cells were seen at three distinct sites in the metencephalon, a fiber network was seen in the facial and vagal lobes and periventricular and ventral regions of the medulla oblongata. The pattern of the CARTp distribution in the brain of C. batrachus suggests that it may play an important role in the processing of sensory information, the regulation of hormone secretion by hypophysial cell types, and motor and vegetative function. Finally, as in other animal species, CARTp seems to play a role in the processing of gustatory information.
“…Bailey et al, 2002;Neal and Wade, 2007;Huang et al, 2013], as well as other amphibians (i.e. the salamander Plethodon shermani [Laberge et al, 2008] and Xenopus laevis [Calle et al, 2006]). Here we used a similar but somewhat modified procedure suitable for our study species [Daneri et al, unpubl.…”
Section: Analysis Of the Ieg Neural Activity Associated With Geometrymentioning
Amphibians are central to discussions of vertebrate evolution because they represent the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, a transition with profound consequences for the selective pressures shaping brain evolution. Spatial navigation is one class of behavior that has attracted the interest of comparative neurobiologists because of the relevance of the medial pallium/hippocampus, yet, surprisingly, in this regard amphibians have been sparsely investigated. In the current study, we trained toads to locate a water goal relying on the boundary geometry of a test environment (Geometry-Only) or boundary geometry coupled with a prominent, visual feature cue (Geometry-Feature). Once learning had been achieved, the animals were given one last training session and their telencephali were processed for c-Fos activation. Compared to control toads exposed to the test environment for the first time, geometry-only toads were found to have increased neuronal labeling in the medial pallium, the presumptive hippocampal homologue, while geometry-feature toads were found to have increased neuronal labeling in the medial, dorsal, and lateral pallia. The data indicate medial pallial participation in guiding navigation by environmental geometry and lateral, and to a lesser extent dorsal, pallial participation in guiding navigation by a prominent visual feature. As such, participation of the medial pallium/hippocampus in spatial cognition appears to be a conserved feature of terrestrial vertebrates even if their life history is still tied to water, a brain-behavior feature seemingly at least as ancient as the evolutionary transition to life on land.
“…These terminal types are neurochemically distinct because each type has its own set of neurochemical messenger (Van Wijk et al, 2010). Experimental evidence for differential control of MCN neurons comes from studies in which Xenopus was fasted for 3 weeks, leading to decreased amounts of CART, metenkephalin, and Ucn1 and to an increase in the amount of CRF (Calle et al, 2006b). These effects were especially obvious in the ventral part of the MCN and less pronounced in the medial and dorsal parts of the nucleus, suggesting a specialization of neuronal subpopulations within the MCN.…”
Section: The Melanotrope Neuroendocrine Transducer Cells Of the Southmentioning
Neural adaptation mechanisms have many similarities throughout the animal kingdom, enabling to study fundamentals of human adaptation in selected animal models with experimental approaches that are impossible to apply in man. This will be illustrated by reviewing research on three of such animal models, viz. (1) the egg-laying behavior of a snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: how one neuron type controls behavior, (2) adaptation to the ambient light condition by a toad, Xenopus laevis: how a neuroendocrine cell integrates complex external and neural inputs, and (3) stress, feeding, and depression in rodents: how a neuronal network co-ordinates different but related complex behaviors. Special attention is being paid to the actions of neurochemical messengers, such as neuropeptide Y, urocortin 1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. While awaiting new technological developments to study the living human brain at the cellular and molecular levels, continuing progress in the insight in the functioning of human adaptation mechanisms may be expected from neuroendocrine research using invertebrate and vertebrate animal models.
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