Antti Oksanen; Endectocide treatment of the reindeer

Oksanen, Antti

doi:10.7557/2.19.3.1566

Cited by 24 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Although, in general, the semi-domesticated reindeer industries of Fennoscandia still practice herding over extensive areas, these are now often restricted by fencing to lands managed as co-operatives, made up generally of a large number of individual owners who communally graze their animals (Oksanen, 1999). In addition, natural grazing areas for reindeer are progressively diminishing, due to alienation to other priorities for land use.…”

Section: Restriction In Livestock Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Waller

2005

Ran

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Abstract:In a balanced ecological system, both host and nematode parasite populations are firmly controlled by a complex array of interacting factors. However domestication of livestock has tipped the balance in favour of the parasites. This is due to increasing the proportion of susceptible animals in the herd or flock (lactating females and weaned young animals), increasing stocking rate, increasing productivity demands and decreasing the movement of the animals. In contrast with microbial infections, where multiplication takes place entirely within the host, metazoan parasites have both a parasitic phase and a free-living phase. Every worm present has been separately acquired by the ingestion of free-living stages on pasture. Immunity to nematodes develops slowly, it is labile, and its maintenance is dependent upon a good nutritional state of the animal. Consequently, worm parasites are ubiquitous wherever livestock are kept and they impose a constant and often a high infectious pressure on grazing animals. Nematode infections in grazing livestock are almost always a mixture of species. All have deleterious effects and collectively lead to chronic ill thrift. Economic evaluations repeatedly show that the major losses due to parasites are on animal production, rather than on mortality. This paper focuses on the problems of nematode parasites; problems associated with drug use (anthelmintic resistance, environmental impact) and costs of nematode infections for the common ruminant livestock industries (cattle, sheep, goats), with possible analogies for the semi-domesticated reindeer industry.

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Section: Restriction In Livestock Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Waller

2005

Ran

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“…They therefore experience the natural variation in exposure to diseases and parasites. Most reindeer calves not slaughtered are given Ivermectin, a broadband anti‐parasitic chemo treatment, in fall (Oksanen 1999). Ivermectin reduces the intensity of both intestinal and subcutaneous parasites (Oksanen et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They therefore experience the natural variation in exposure to diseases and parasites. Most reindeer calves not slaughtered are given Ivermectin, a broadband anti-parasitic chemo treatment, in fall (Oksanen 1999). Ivermectin reduces the intensity of both intestinal and subcutaneous parasites (Oksanen et al 1992), killing 99·9% of warble fly larvae and has been reported to lead to an increased appetite and hence higher growth (Heggstad, Bø & Lenvik 1986, but see Oksanen, Norberg & Nieminen 1998).…”

Section: S T U D Y H E R D S a N D A R E Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While both wild and semi‐domesticated reindeer herds in Norway experience similar exposure to predators (Skogland 1989; Sunde & Kvam 1997; Heggberget 1998; Nybakk, Kjelvik & Kvam 1999; Nybakk et al. 2002; Anonymous 2006), veterinary treatment and herding strategies have reduced the impacts of parasites on life‐history traits of domesticated reindeer both in past and present times (Skjenneberg & Slagsvold 1979; Oksanen 1999). Parasite intensities show large variation among individual reindeer (Nilssen, Haugerud & Folstad 1998), and have been shown to influence development of secondary sexual traits like antlers (Folstad, Arneberg & Karter 1996; Markusson & Folstad 1997; Lagesen & Folstad 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parasite intensity and fur coloration in reindeer calves – contrasting artificial and natural selection

Rødven¹,

Männikkö

Ims

et al. 2009

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Summary 1.In reindeer, the variation in fur coloration is higher in semi-domesticated than in wild populations. This difference might result from impacts of natural enemies acting on conspicuously coloured individuals with higher intensity in natural than semi-domesticated populations. 2. While predator pressure is rather similar for wild and semi-domesticated populations, semi-domesticated reindeer are less impacted by parasitism due to endectocidic treatment. In this study, we estimated the intensity of warble flies in different reindeer colour morphs in a large sample of untreated calves from multiple semi-domesticated herds in northern Norway. 3. We found that lighter coloured reindeer calves have higher intensities of warble fly larvae than darker ones. This is associated with a decrease in body mass, and may hence influence subsequent fitness of the animals. 4. The high intensity of parasites in white calves implies that they are either more exposed or less resistant to parasitic infections. In either case, parasitism by warble flies appears to be a proximate cause driving coloration of reindeer towards a reduced variability in natural populations.

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“…We did not observe any live deer keds from the pelts of Infection & Medication group, indicating that ivermectin would be efficient against deer keds. It has a broad spectrum of antiparasitic activity (Oksanen 1999). The endectocidid antiparasitic treatment is at present routinely used in Finland almost in the whole area of reindeer husbandry in late autumn and early winter, when the breeding animals are treated with ivermectin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat of An Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena cervi), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment

Kynkäänniemi

Kortet

Härkönen

et al. 2010

Annales Zoologici Fennici

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Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., Mustonen, A.-M., Nieminen, P., Härkönen, S., Ylönen, H. & Laaksonen, S. 2010: Threat of an invasive parasitic fly, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi ), to the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): experimental infection and treatment. -Ann. Range expansion of ectoparasites can cause parasites to attack new host species. In these cases it is important for the parasite to be able to adapt to the new environment and to reproduce on the host. For the host, it is crucial to hinder successfully the development of long-lasting parasitic relationship. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is a novel ectoparasite for northern cervids. We investigated if the deer ked can use the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) as a host and, if it can, whether antiparasitic treatment against this parasite would be available. Three groups of reindeer were monitored: two groups of 6 reindeer were infected with 300 flies per each individual; a control group comprised 6 animals. One of the infected groups was treated with subcutaneous ivermectin. At the end of the experiment the infestation rate of the infected animals was low. The reindeer in the non-treated group had both live and dead deer keds and also a single pupa while the ivermectin-treated reindeer had only dead deer keds. As some deer keds survived and reproduced, the deer ked can potentially use the reindeer as a host but antiparasitic treatment may be effective against this parasite.

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Antti Oksanen; Endectocide treatment of the reindeer

Cited by 24 publications

References 38 publications

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Parasite intensity and fur coloration in reindeer calves – contrasting artificial and natural selection

Threat of An Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena cervi), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment

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