“…Piperine may also may inhibit the activation of Shc, which lies upstream of ERK1/2 and Akt in IL-2R signaling (Gu et al, 2000;Ravichandran and Burakoff, 1994). Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by piperine has been reported in breast cancer cells (Do et al, 2013), fibrosarcoma cells (Hwang et al, 2011), and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (Bang et al, 2009); however, piperine increases basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation in immortalized auditory cells (Choi et al, 2007). The effect of piperine on ERK1/2 phosphorylation can, therefore, differ depending on cell type and activating signals.…”