Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation

Adeola, Adedapo O.; Forbes, Patricia B.C.

doi:10.1002/etc.5127

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…This means that despite the fact that various technologies and prevention methods have been developed, HCWs are still at risk of contracting HIV in their workplaces. This is comparable with the study that was reported from South Africa (4%), 20 Tanzania (3%), 21 and Nigeria (4.2%). 22 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…HCWs who were midwives had 4 times higher odds of testing positive for HIV (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 3.17, 8.21). This is supported by many studies, such as those in Tunisia, 26 South Africa, 20 and Kenya. 25 The reason could be described as the availability of PPE in healthcare facilities influencing HCWs’ habits of using PPE during patient care and procedures, thereby reducing exposure to HIV and its impact on the outcome of exposure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The tools were divided into 2 sections: participant sociodemographic information and HIV sero-status data from a modified version of the study conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. 20 The supervisors were given the questioner for each study participant. Then, the participants themselves fill out the questionnaire, as directed by the supervisors and the principal investigators.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV Sero-Status of Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals After Post-Exposure Blood and Body Fluids: A Cross-Sectional Study, October 2022

Adal

Abebe

2023

Clin Med Insights Case Rep

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Objectives: The study investigated the sero-status of human immunodeficiency virus among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa public hospitals. Methods: A multi-centered, institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 18, 2022, to October 30, 2022. A simple random sampling method and semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data, which were analyzed using statistical package for social science version 25. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the sero-status of healthcare workers’ post-exposure blood and body fluids for the human immunodeficiency virus. Results: Of the 420 study participants who were exposed to blood and body fluids, 403 (96%) were non-reactive. Healthcare workers who had 20 to 29 years of work experience had approximately 6 times higher odds of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (AOR = 6.21, 95% CI: (2.39, 9.55). Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had 5 times higher odds of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (AOR = 5.02, CI: 3.73, 9.51). Conclusion: This study showed that a higher proportion of healthcare workers at the emergency department were positive for human immunodeficiency virus infection among healthcare workers who were exposed to blood and body fluids and tested immediately. Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had higher odds of testing positive for human immune-deficiency virus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV Sero-Status of Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals After Post-Exposure Blood and Body Fluids: A Cross-Sectional Study, October 2022

Adal

Abebe

2023

Clin Med Insights Case Rep

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“…In addition, the results indicate a strong dependence of the reaction rate on pH, which emphasizes the significance of pollutant speciation in aqueous solution. Other authors obtained similar results (Adeola and Forbes 2022;Bhembe et al 2020;An et al 2011). To explain the observed trend, it is noteworthy to consider the pKa of the compounds (Table S1) and the PZC of TiO2, which was found to be ≈ 6.0 in our previous work (Ncube et al 2023).…”

Section: The Effect Of Ph On Degradation Kinetics 12supporting

confidence: 69%

Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system

Zvinowanda

Ncube

Ntuli

2023

Preprint

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This study was aimed at investigating the removal of antiretroviral (ARV) drug residues of emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (LVD), and Tenofovir (TFV) from water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system. Evaluations of operational factors, degradation kinetics, scavenger effects, degradation pathways, and reusability of the catalyst were the key objectives of the study. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis and process optimization. Five variables (pH, pollutant concentration, TiO2 loading, H2O2 dosage and time) were optimized. The removal realized was 92.56% (FTC), 91.67% (LVD), and 94.83% (TFV) respectively under optimum conditions. The degradations obeyed the pseudo-first-order model with the rate constant (k1) of 0.10773 min− 1 (FTC), 0.0513 min− 1 (TFV,) and 0.04756 min− 1 (LVD). pH and H2O2 had positive influence on pollutant removals up to optimum conditions. The •OH and h+ were the major contributors to pollutant degradations. The degradation of target compounds in water has not yet been reported using the UV/TiO2/H2O2, as far as the authors are aware. Moreover, the reaction kinetics and degradation pathway of FTC and TFV have not yet been studied. The research shows that the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system may provide an alternative treatment method for the ARVs in water.

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“…Despite this, NVP has been found to be highly hazardous, exhibiting potential ecotoxicological effects on sh, algae, and daphnia (Bhembe et al, 2020). Adeola & Forbes, (2022) reported potential ecotoxicity on aquatic fauna while in an earlier study, Archer et al (2017) observed that prolonged exposure to NVP ≤ 1.48mg/l delayed early-stage growth rates in O. mossambicus. It is feared that prolonged exposure may result in viral resistance in humans, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Nevirapine in Wastewater Using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 Process

et al. 2022

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This work sought to study the elimination of NVP from simulated wastewater using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 system. The main objectives were to evaluate the in uence of operating parameters, reaction kinetics, contributing reactive species, degradation pathway, and catalyst reusability. The research surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for optimizing process variables and for statistical analysis. Five process variables (pH, NVP concentration, TiO 2 dosage, H 2 O 2 concentration, and irradiation time) were optimized with the responses set as NVP and Total organic carbon (TOC) removals (%), respectively. 89.23% (NVP) and 85.71% (TOC) removals were achieved under optimum conditions. All the experimental factors were signi cant for NVP removal. pH was the most dominant factor, with the highest removals obtained under acidic conditions (pH 3). NVP removal conformed to the pseudo-rst-order model with a rate constant (k 1 ) of 0.03676 min -1 . Increasing pH reduced the rate constant by 75.38%, while there was an increase of 43.55% with H 2 O 2 . NVP degradation was largely driven by the • OH and h +VB . The photocatalyst demonstrated good stability against NVP loss over four cycles. Although the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process has shown promising results in the removal of pharmaceuticals and dyes in wastewater, its application for the degradation of ARVs remains limited. As far as the authors know, the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process and RSM have not yet been reported for the degradation and optimization of NVP in wastewater, respectively. The ndings of this work illustrate that the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 system, applied with RSM can effectively degrade and mineralize NVP in wastewater. Article Highlights89.23%, Nevirapine and 85.71%, TOC removals were achieved using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process combined with RSM.The degradation process was favorable under acidic pH Nevirapine removal resembled pseudo-rst-order kinetics

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Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation

Cited by 43 publications

References 126 publications

HIV Sero-Status of Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals After Post-Exposure Blood and Body Fluids: A Cross-Sectional Study, October 2022

HIV Sero-Status of Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals After Post-Exposure Blood and Body Fluids: A Cross-Sectional Study, October 2022

Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system

Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Nevirapine in Wastewater Using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 Process

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