Antipsychotic drugs suppress the AKT/NF-κB pathway and regulate the differentiation of T-cell subsets

Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment?

“…Using such a strategy allows for comparison with the several meta-analyses already published on the effects of such agents on peripheral cytokine levels in vivo. We identified 17 eligible studies using antidepressants (Table 1; Xia et al 1996;Maes et al 1999;Lin et al 2000;Kubera et al 2001;Kubera et al 2002;Rudolf et al 2002;Szuster-Ciesielska et al 2003;Kubera et al 2004;Maes et al 2005;Diamond et al 2006;Carvalho et al 2008;Carvalho et al 2010;Himmerich et al 2010;Krause et al 2012;Munzer et al 2013;Tsai et al 2014;Waiskopf et al 2014) and 12 eligible studies employing antipsychotics (Table 2; Bleeker et al 1997;Leykin et al 1997;Hinze-Selch et al 1998;Moots et al 1999;Song et al 2000;Rudolf et al 2002;SzusterCiesielska et al 2004;Carvalho et al 2010;Chen et al 2011;Himmerich et al 2011;Chen et al 2013b;Krause et al 2013). …”

Risperidone modulates the cytokine and chemokine release of dendritic cells and induces TNF-α-directed cell apoptosis in neutrophils

“…Atypical APDs, risperidone and clozapine, will suppress Th1 differentiation by inhibiting the AKT pathway. Haloperidol will inhibit the NF-κB pathway and further suppress Th2 differentiation [14]. Our recent in vitro studies suggested that the binding affinity of APDs to various receptors will affect the ability of APDs to regulate immune response during T-cell differentiation.…”

Disease-specific expression of the serotonin-receptor 5-HT2C in natural killer cells in Alzheimer's dementia

“…Anti-cholin-estherases Reale et al, 2004;Shearman et al, 2006;Calciano et al, 2010), anti-psychotics (Chen et al, 2011a(Chen et al, , 2011b, benzodiazepines and anti-depressants (Xia et al, 1996) are known to alter serotonin-levels and various immune parameters, although these reports are rather conflicting. As AD and LOD patients may generally use such drugs, the observed findings might also be caused or influenced by their ongoing treatments, however the only significant and important finding was with the 5-HT 2C in NK-cells and not with any of the other serotonin-receptor subtypes or PBMC sub-populations examined which raises the possibility that the observed change is not clearly a drug-effect.…”

“…The cholinergic system plays a fundamental role not only in the cognitive derangement, but also in BPSD (Cummings and Back, 1998). The cholinergic hypothesis, however, is not sufficient per se to explain all symptoms observed in AD (Garcia-Alloza et al, 2005), therefore other neuro-transmitters are also thought to be involved (Chen et al, 2011a(Chen et al, , 2011b.…”